Short Communication |
Corresponding author: Pâmella Silva de Brito ( pamellabrito@hotmail.com ) Academic editor: Peter Bartsch
© 2018 Pâmella Silva de Brito, Erick Cristofore Guimarães, Axel Makay Katz, Nivaldo Magalhães Piorski, Felipe Polivanov Ottoni.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
de Brito PS, Guimarães EC, Katz AM, Piorski NM, Ottoni FP (2018) Taxonomic status of Aphyocharax avary Fowler, 1913, Aphyocharax pusillus Günther, 1868 and Chirodon alburnus Günther, 1869 (Characiformes, Characidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 393-399. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.28201
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The obscure taxonomic histories of three species of Aphyocharax (A. alburnus, A. avary and A. pusillus) are revised, based on both morphological and literature data. Aphyocharax avary is resurrected as a valid species and removed from synonymy with A. alburnus. Based on examinations of type specimens, A. alburnus is considered a junior synonym of A. pusillus.
Aphyocharacinae , Characoids, junior synonym, taxonomy
Aphyocharax Günther, 1868, is a genus of small-sized characids, no larger than 80 mm standard length (
Aphyocharax pusillus was described by
Some authors who have recently described new species of Aphyocharax, or proposed phylogenetic relationships for the group, have overlooked the type locality of A. alburnus and examined and included material solely from Venezuelan river drainages (e.g.,
The aim of the present paper was to untangle the confusing taxonomic histories of those three species names, clarify their taxonomic statuses, and present, for the first time, the morphological features of their type specimens. We also provide a diagnosis for the species considered herein as valid, based on the examinations of type materials, information from the original descriptions, and the literature. The resolution of this confusing taxonomic history, the description of some morphological features of the type materials, and determinations of which of the three species are valid, will be important to solving taxonomical incongruities in the literature related to the genus and to enabling descriptions of new species of Aphyocharax. According to
Measurements and counts were made according to
Aphyocharax
pusillus
Günther, 1868: 480. Type locality: Huallaga and Xeberos [Amazon River Basin, Peru]. Syntypes: (1)
Chirodon
alburnus
Günther, 1869:424: Type locality: Peruvian Amazons [Amazon River Basin, Peru]. Lectotype:
Aphyocharax pusillus differs from all of its congeners, except A. avary, by having black or dark brown middle caudal-fin rays (Figs
Meristic data of the type specimens are presented in Table
Measurements |
|
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Pored lateral-line scales | 11+1 | 11–12+1 | 11+1 | 11+1 |
Longitudinal scales | 36 | 36–38 | 37 | 37 |
Transverse scales | 11 | 10–11 | 11 | 11 |
Dorsal-fin rays | 10 | 10–11 | 11 | 10–11 |
Pectoral fin-rays | 10 | 10–11 | 11 | 11 |
Pelvic-fin rays | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
Anal-fin rays | 19 | 18–19 | 18 | 17–18 |
Premaxillary teeth | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
Maxillary teeth | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7–8 |
Dentary teeth | 15 | 16–18 | 16 | 15–18 |
Vertebrae | 34 | 31–33 | 33 | 32–33 |
There no mention of the presence of a humeral spot in the original description of either A. pusillus or C. alburnus. Additionally, the type materials of both species do not show any humeral spot. The illustration of C. alburnus by
Aphyocharax pusillus is the type species of the genus, designated by monotypy. The specimens were collected by Mr. Bartlett in Xeberos and Huallaga (Amazon River Basin, Peru), and succinctly described by
Chirodon alburnus was succinctly described by
Based on the information presented here (type material examination, original descriptions, and the literature) we conclude that Chirodon alburnus is a junior synonym of Aphyocharax pusillus – as there are no clear diagnostic character states that distinguish those two species. Additionally, the type locality of Chirodon alburnus is imprecise (“Peruvian Amazon”), encompassing the type locality of Aphyocharax pusillus.
Aphyocharax
avary
Fowler, 1913:532. Type locality: Madeira River, about 200 miles east of Long. 62°20’W., Brazil. Holotype:
Aphyocharax avary differs from all of its congeners, except A. pusillus, by having black or dark brown middle caudal-fin rays (Fig.
Maxillary teeth of: A, Holotype of Aphyocharax avary:
Meristic data of the holotype are presented in Table
Measurements |
|
Pored lateral-line sclaes | 13+1 |
Longitudinal scales | 38 |
Transverse scales | 11 |
Dorsal-fin rays | 11 or 12 |
Pectoral fin-rays | 13 |
Pelvic-fin rays | 7 |
Anal-fin rays | 19 |
Premaxillary teeth | 6 or 7 |
Maxillary teeth | 14 |
Dentary teeth | 13 or 14 |
Vertebrae | 34 |
Body slightly compressed. Dorsal profile slightly convex in the snout region, somewhat flat in the anterior limit of the nasal bone to the extremity of the supraoccipital spine; convex from that point to the dorsal-fin origin; straight through dorsal-fin base; slightly convex after dorsal fin; slightly concave through caudal peduncle. Ventral profile slightly convex from snout to pelvic-fin insertion; straight from this point to the anal-fin origin and through that fin base; slightly concave through caudal peduncle. Snout rounded; eye large compared to the head and snout length; mouth terminal; lower maxilla slightly shorter than upper one. Lateral line interrupted; last scale on caudal-fin base.
Humeral spot conspicuous and middle caudal-fin rays black or dark brown (Fig.
Aphyocharax avary was described by
Based on the information presented here, we conclude that A. avary is a valid species, distinguishable from A. pusillus mainly by the number of teeth on the maxillary and their different distributions along that bone (14 maxillary teeth spread along 2/3 of the bone extension vs. 7–8 maxillary teeth spread along the proximal half of the bone) (Fig.
Aphyocharax anisitsi:
The authors thank James Maclaine for providing photographs, x-ray images, and information on the type material of C. alburnus and A. pusillus; Harry Taylor, the photographer of C. alburnus type specimens and Kevin Webb, the photographer of A. pusillus type specimens; Mark Sabaj Perez for providing photographs of A. pusillus; Rosana Souza-Lima for providing photographs and x-ray images of A. avary; Pedro Bragança for the assistance with the photographs and examination of A. avary type material; Paulo Buckup, Cristiano Moreira, James Maclaine, Wilson Costa, and Mark Sabaj Perez for allowing us to examine material in their care; Donald Taphorn and Roy Funch for the grammatical revision; and Paulo Petry, Antonio Machado Allison, Francisco Provenzano, Oscar Miguel Lasso, and Elias Costa Araujo Junior for providing useful literature. This paper benefited from suggestions provided by Peter Bartsch and Donald Taphorn.
This study was supported by CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development – Ministry of Science, Technology Innovation and Communication) and FAPEMA (Foundation for Scientific Research and Development of Maranhão).