A molecular phylogeny of Pseudocrangonyx from Japan, including a new subterranean species (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Pseudocrangonyctidae)

Ko Tomikawa; Takafumi Nakano; Anna Sato; Yutaka Onodera; Akifumi Ohtaka

doi:10.3897/zse.92.10176

Abstract

A subterranean species of pseudocrangonyctid amphipod, Pseudocrangonyx gudariensis Tomikawa & Sato, sp. n., is described from the spring-fed stream Gudari-numa in Hakkoda Mountains, Aomori Prefecture, northern Japan. Pseudocrangonyx gudariensis is morphologically similar to P. coreanus Uéno, 1966 and P. febras Sidorov, 2009 based on its relatively small body size, small number of articles of rami of pleopods, and urosomite 1 without basal setae. However, P. gudariensis is distinguished from those species based on the following characteristics: from P. coreanus, antenna 2 of female without calceoli, palmar margins of gnathopods 1 and 2 with distally notched robust setae, inner margin of inner ramus of uropod 2 with 4 robust setae, and basal part of inner ramus of uropod 2 without slender seta; and from P. febras, carpus of gnathopod 2 without serrate robust setae on posterodistal corners, peduncle of pleopods 1 and 2 with setae, and longer article 2 of uropod 3. Phylogenetic analyses using nuclear 28S rRNA and histone H3, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA markers showed that P. gudariensis is placed among known Pseudocrangonyx Akatsuka and Komai, 1922 species. However, its exact phylogenetic position within the genus could not be determined. The polyphyly of the Japanese Pseudocrangonyx species indicates that multiple colonization events of Pseudocrangonyx ancestors to the Japanese Archipelago could have occurred. The reliability of the past Pseudocrangonyx records from Japan is briefly discussed.

Key Words

Crangonyctoidea , interstitial, biogeography, cryptic diversity

Introduction

Amphipods that belong to the genus Pseudocrangonyx Akatsuka & Komai, 1922 inhabit subterranean waters of Japan, the Korean Peninsula, eastern China, and the Far East of Russia; this genus currently includes 20 species (Sidorov and Gontcharov 2013).

Pseudocrangonyx was originally established for the three Japanese subterranean species (Akatsuka and Komai 1922): P. shikokunis Akatsuka & Komai, 1922; P. yezonis Akatsuka & Komai, 1922; and P. kyotonis Akatsuka & Komai, 1922. The first species, P. shikokunis, which was subsequently designated as the type species by Barnard and Barnard (1983) by position precedence, was reported from Tokushima Prefecture in Shikoku, and Hyogo, Okayama, and Yamaguchi Prefectures in the western area of Honshu, Japan (Akatsuka and Komai 1922, Uéno 1927, 1933a, c, Tomikawa et al. 2008); P. yezonis was collected in Hokkaido and Akita Prefecture in the northern area of Honshu (Akatsuka and Komai 1922, Uéno 1933b, Matsuda 1954); and P. kyotonis has been recorded from Kyoto, Gifu, Shizuoka, and Shimane Prefectures in Honshu (Akatsuka and Komai 1922, Uéno 1927, 1971a, c, Nunomura 1975). Additionally, two continental Pseudocrangonyx species were reported from Japanese waters: P. asiaticus Uéno, 1934 from Tsushima Island (Uéno 1971b); and P. coreanus Uéno, 1966 from Tsushima Island and Shimane Prefecture in the western area of Honshu (Uéno 1971b, Narahara et al. 2009).

Over recent decades, additional species have been described from the Far East of Russia (e.g., Sidorov and Gontcharov 2013). These results indicate that Pseudocrangonyx is highly diversified, and several species await description (Sidorov and Gontcharov 2013). Therefore, it is highly possible that there are also many undescribed species in the Japanese Archipelago.

During field surveys of the benthic invertebrate fauna in the spring-fed stream Gudari-numa in Hakkoda Mountains, Aomori Prefecture in the northern Honshu, two of the authors (AS and AO) and their colleagues collected several Pseudocrangonyx specimens. After careful examination of the materials, it was revealed that the collected Pseudocrangonyx amphipods represent an undescribed species. Thus, this new species is described herein. In addition, the phylogenetic position of the new species within Pseudocrangonyx was estimated using nuclear 28S rRNA and histone H3, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA sequence data.

The taxonomic description was prepared by the first and third authors (KT and AS). The second author (TN) conducted the molecular analyses, the fourth author (YO) assisted in manuscript preparation, and the last author (AO) provided the material of the new species and conducted this study.

Material and methods

Sample

Specimens of Pseudocrangonyx species were collected from 14 localities in Hokkaido, Honshu, and Shikoku, Japan (Fig. 1). Most of specimens were collected by scooping various groundwater environments in caves with a fine-mesh hand-net. The Gudari-numa specimens were pumped up with 10–55 L of interstitial water at 21–57 cm beneath the surface of gravelly bottom using a handmade core sampler, and then collected, or directly collected by scooping together with bottom gravels of the stream. Most of the specimens were fixed in approximately 10% formaldehyde solution but a few were in 99% ethanol.

Figure 1.

Map showing the collection localities of the specimens examined in this study and type localities of the known Japanese Pseudocrangonyx species. The closed circles indicate the localities of the referred materials used for the phylogenetic analyses. The star in red denotes the type locality of the new species; in purple, P. shikokunis; in blue, P. kyotonis; and in green, P. yezonis. Names of localities are shown in Table 1.

Morphological observation

All appendages of the examined specimens of the undescribed species were dissected in 70% ethanol and mounted in gum-chloral medium on glass slides under a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZX7). Specimens were examined using a light microscope (Nikon Eclipse Ni) and illustrated with the aid of a camera lucida. The body length from the tip of the rostrum to the base of the telson was measured along the dorsal curvature to the nearest 0.1 mm. The nomenclature of the setal patterns on the mandibular palp follows Stock (1974). The specimens are deposited in the Tsukuba Collection Center of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo (NSMT) and the Zoological Collection of Kyoto University(KUZ).

PCR and DNA sequencing

The extraction of genomic DNA from appendage muscles of the Pseudocrangonyx materials preserved in 99% ethanol followed Tomikawa et al. (2014). Primer sets for the PCR and cycle sequencing (CS) reactions used in this study were as follows: for 28S rRNA (28S), 28F and 28R (PCR and CS) (Hou et al. 2007) with 28SF and 28SR (CS) (Tomikawa et al. 2012) as internal primers; for histone H3 (H3), H3aF and H3bR (PCR and CS) (Colgan et al. 1998); for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), LCO1490 and HCO2198 (PCR and CS) (Folmer et al. 1994), or jgLCO1490 and jgHCO2198 (Geller et al. 2013), respectively, with M13F and M13R tails (Messing 1983), used for PCR, and then M13F and M13R used as primers for CS, followed Raupach et al. (2015); for 16S rRNA (16S), 16STf (Macdonald III et al. 2005) and 16Sbr (Palumbi 1996; modified to correspond with “Fruit Fly”) (PCR and CS).

The PCR reaction and DNA sequencing for a part of COI and 16S sequences followed Tomikawa et al. (2014); the PCR and CS reactions were performed using a PC-320 Thermal Cycler (ASTEC). Those for the other sequences were performed using the modified method outlined by Nakano (2012) and Tomikawa et al. (2016); reactions were performed using a T-100 Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad). When using a PC-320 Thermal Cycler, the PCR mixtures were heated to 94°C for 7 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94°C (45 s), 42°C (1 min) and 72°C (1 min), and a final extension at 72°C (7 min). In the other reactions using a T-100, the PCR mixtures were heated to 94°C for 6 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94°C (10 s), 50°C for 28S and H3 or 48°C for COI and 16S (20 s each), and 72°C (1 min 24 s for 28S, 24 s for H3, and 42 s for COI and 16S), and a final extension at 72°C for 6 min. When using a PC-320, the CS conditions were 25 cycles at 96°C (10 s), 50°C (5 s) and 60°C (4 min). The sequencing mixtures for the other reactions were heated to 96°C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles at 96°C (10 s), 50°C (5 s) and 60°C (36 s). The obtained sequences of a portion of COI and 16S were edited using MEGA6.03 (Tamura et al. 2013), and the reminders were assembled using DNA BASER (Heracle Biosoft S.R.L.). These DNA sequences were deposited with the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) through the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) (Table 1).

Table 1.

Download as

CSV

XLSX

Samples used for the phylogenetic analyses. The information on the vouchers is accompanied by the collection localities and the INSDC accession numbers. Sequences marked with an asterisk were obtained for the first time in the present study. Acronym: NSMT, the Tsukuba Collection Center of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo. Identification sources: a, by the first author KT; b, Narahara et al. (2009); c, Nunomura (1975); d, Uéno (1927); e, Uéno (1971a).

#	Species	Voucher or isolate #	Loclaity	INSDC #
#	Species	Voucher or isolate #	Loclaity	28S	Histone H3	COI	16S
Pseudocrangonyx
1	P. yezonis ^a	G1280	Mukawa, Hokkaido	LC171518*	LC171520*	LC171519*	LC171517*
2	Pseudocrangonyx sp.	NSMT-Cr 24605	Aomori, Aomori	LC171498*	LC171500*	LC171499*	LC171497*
3	P. yezonis ^a	G1279	Daisen, Akita	LC171514*	LC171516*	LC171515*	LC171513*
4	Pseudocrangonyx sp.	G400	Ofunato, Iwate				LC171479*
5	Pseudocrangonyx sp.	G1281	Ofunato, Iwate				LC171521*
6	P. kyotonis ^c	G1297	Gujo, Gifu	LC171541*	LC171543*	LC171542*	LC171540*
6	P. kyotonis ^c	G1298	Gujo, Gifu	LC171545*	LC171547*	LC171546*	LC171544*
7	Pseudocrangonyx sp.	G404	Taga, Shiga	LC171488*	LC171489*
8	Pseudocrangonyx sp.	G405	Taga, Shiga	LC171491*	LC171493*	LC171492*	LC171490*
9	Pseudocrangonyx sp.	G406	Taga, Shiga	LC171495*	LC171496*		LC171494*
10	Pseudocrangonyx sp.	G1282	Otsu, Shiga		LC171523*		LC171522*
11	Pseudocrangonyx sp.	G1283	Niimi, Okayama	LC171525*	LC171527*	LC171526*	LC171524*
12	P. kyotonis ^e	G402	Matsue, Shimane	LC171485*	LC171487*	LC171486*	LC171484*
13	P. coreanus ^b	G401	Ota, Shimane	LC171481*	LC171483*	LC171482*	LC171480*
14	P. shikokunis ^d	G1277	Mine, Yamaguchi	LC171506*	LC171508*	LC171507*	LC171505*
15	Pseudocrangonyx sp.	G1278	Mine, Yamaguchi	LC171510*	LC171512*	LC171511*	LC171509*
16	Pseudocrangonyx sp.	G1271	Takamatsu, Kagawa	LC171502*	LC171504*	LC171503*	LC171501*
17	Pseudocrangonyx sp.	G1295	Kami, Kochi	LC171533*	LC171535*	LC171534*	LC171532*
18	Pseudocrangonyx sp.	G1296	Kami, Kochi	LC171537*	LC171539*	LC171538*	LC171536*
19	Pseudocrangonyx sp.	G1294	Seiyo, Ehime	LC171529*	LC171531*	LC171530*	LC171528*
	P. febras					KF153114
	P. holsingeri			KJ871679		KF153111
	P. korkishkoorum	B1		KJ871678		KF153107
	P. korkishkoorum	B2				KF153108
	P. korkishkoorum	B3				KF153109
	P. korkishkoorum	N1		KJ871676		KF153105
	P. korkishkoorum	N2		KJ871677		KF153106
	P. kseniae			KJ871675		KF153115
	P. susanaensis					KF153113
	P. sympatricus					KF153112
	P. tiunovi			KJ871674		KF153110
Outgroup
	Crymostygius thingvallensis			HQ286019		HQ286032	HQ286009
	Eocrangonyx primoryensis						HQ286011
	Crangonyx floridanus	G1322	Chiba, Chiba	LC171549*		LC171550*	LC171548*

Molecular phylogenetic analyses

Twenty-one published sequences were obtained from the INSDC for use in molecular phylogenetic analyses (Table 1). Eleven OTUs of the seven Pseudocrangonyx species, P. febras Sidorov, 2009, P. holsingeri Sidorov & Gontcharov, 2013, P. korkishkoorum Sidorov, 2006, P. kseniae Sidorov, 2012, P. susanaensis Labay, 1999, P. sympatricus Sidorov & Gontcharov, 2013, and P. tiunovi Sidorov & Gontcharov, 2013, distributed in the Russian Far East were included in the analyses along with the following three crangonyctoid amphipods as outgroup taxa: Crangonyx floridanus Bousfield, 1963, Crymostygius thingvallensis Kristjánsson & Svavarsson, 2004, and Eocrangonyx primoryensis Stock & Jo, 1990.

The phylogenetic position of the Pseudocrangonyx amphipod from the Gudari-numa Stream within the genus was estimated based on the gene fragments of 28S, H3, COI, and 16S sequences. The alignments of H3 and COI was trivial, as no indels were observed. The 28S, and 16S sequences were aligned using MAFFT v. 7.299b L-INS-i (Katoh and Standley 2013). The lengths of 28S, H3, COI and 16S sequence lengths were 1,480, 328, 658, and 431 bp, respectively.

Prior to construction a phylogenetic tree based on the concatenated sequences, maximum likelihood (ML) trees were constructed based on each of the 28S, COI, and 16S markers using RAxML v. 8.2.8 (Stamatakis 2014) with the substitution model set as GTRCAT, immediately after nonparametric bootstrapping (Felsenstein 1985) conducted with 1,000 replicates. Based on the three obtained ML trees (not shown), a 28S (HQ286019) and a COI (HQ286032) sequences of C. thingvallensis were removed from the dataset to prevent long branch attraction. Then, 28S sequences were re-aligned using MAFFT L-INS-i and refined with Gblocks Server v. 0.91b (Castresana 2000) with a default setting, and thus their final length was 980 bp. The concatenated sequences yielded 2,397 bp of alignment positions. One of the completely identical sequences (G1297 and G1298) was removed from the dataset using the “pgelimdupseq” command implemented in Phylogears v. 2.0.2014.03.08 (Tanabe 2008).

ML phylogenies were conducted using RAxML v. 8.2.8 with GTRCAT, immediately after nonparametric bootstrapping (BS) conducted with 1,000 replicates. The best fit-partitioning scheme for the ML analysis was identified with the Akaike information criterion (Akaike 1974) using PartitionFinder v. 1.1.1 (Lanfear et al. 2012) with the “all” algorithm: 28S/1st and 2nd positions of H3/3rd position of H3/1st position of COI/2nd position of COI/3rd position of COI/16S. BI and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PPs) were estimated suing MrBayes v. 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012). The best-fit partition scheme as well as models for each partition were selected based on the Bayesian information criterion (Schwarz 1978) using PartitionFinder with the “all” algorithm: for 28S, GTR+G; for the 1st and 2nd positions of H3, JC69; for the 3rd position of H3, K80+G; for the 1st position of COI, SYM+I; for the 2nd position of COI, HKY85+I+G; for the 3rd position of COI, GTR+I+G; and for 16S, GTR+I+G. Two independent runs of four Markov chains were conducted for 20 million generations, and the tree was sampled every 100 generations. The parameter estimates and convergence were checked using Tracer v. 1.6.0 (Rambaut and Drummond 2013) and the first 50,001 trees were discarded based on these results.

Results

Taxonomy

Pseudocrangonyx gudariensis Tomikawa & Sato, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/A821F75A-4FCB-40F7-B8AE-48289A696725

Figs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

New Japanese name: Gudarimekura-yokoebi

Type materials

Holotype: Male (3.9 mm), NSMT-Cr 24603, Gudari-numa Stream (40°40'21.2″N, 140°55'54.6″E, elev. 589 m), Komagome, Aomori, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, 4 June 2014, collected by A. Ohtaka. Paratypes: 1 female (3.1 mm), NSMT-Cr 24604, locality same as for holotype, 21 June 2015, collected by A. Ohtaka; 1 female (4.4 mm), NSMT-Cr 24605, locality same as for holotype, 14 March 2015, collected by A. Ohtaka; 1 male (2.5 mm) and 3 females (1.4–2.8 mm), NSMT-Cr 24606, locality same as for holotype, 23 May 2015, collected by A. Ohtaka; 4 females (2.0–2.9 mm) KUZ Z1746, data same as for holotype, collected by A. Ohtaka.

Type locality

Japan, Aomori Prefecture: Aomori, Gudari-numa Stream (northern Honshu).

Description

Male [NSMT-Cr 24603, 3.9 mm]. Head (Fig. 2) with short dorsal setae; rostrum reduced; lateral cephalic lobe rounded; antennal sinus shallow with rounded angle; eyes absent. Pereonites 1–7 with short dorsal setae (Fig. 2); posterolateral margin of pereonites 5–7 with seta (Fig. 2). Dorsal margin of pleonites 1–3 with 5, 6, and 8 setae, respectively (Fig. 7I–K). Dorsal margin of urosomites 1 and 2 each with 4 setae (Fig. 7L, M), dorsal margin of urosomite 3 lacking setae (Fig. 7N). Posterior margin of epimeral plate 1 with 2 setae, posteroventral corner rounded with 1 seta (Fig. 7P); ventral and posterior margins of plate 2 with 1 and 2 setae, respectively, posteroventral corner rounded, with 1 seta (Fig. 7Q); ventral and posterior margins of plate 3 each with 1 seta, posteroventral corner rounded, with 1 seta (Fig. 7R).

Figure 2.

Pseudocrangonyx gudariensis Tomikawa & Sato, sp. n., holotype, male (3.9 mm), NSMT-Cr 24603. Habitus, lateral view.

Antenna 1 (Fig. 3A) 0.47 times as long as body length, peduncular articles 1 to 3 in length ratio of 1.0 : 0.6 : 0.4; accessory flagellum 2-articulate, terminal article with 3 setae; primary flagellum 12-articulate, 1 aesthetasc on some articles. Antenna 2 (Fig. 3B) 0.60 times as long as antenna 1; peduncular article 5 with calceolus; flagellum 0.55 times as long as peduncular articles 4 and 5 combined, consisting of 4 articles, first 2 of which with calceolus.

Upper lip (= labrum) (Fig. 3C) with rounded anterior margin, bearing fine setae. Mandibles (Fig. 3E, F) with left and right incisors both 5-dentate; left lacinia mobilis 4-dentate, right lacinia bifid, bearing many teeth; molar process triturative, molar of right mandible with accessory seta; accessory setal rows of left and right mandibles with 3 and 2 weakly pectinate setae, respectively; palp 3-articulate, article 3 with 1 A-, 4–5 D-, and 4 E-setae. Lower lip (Fig. 3D) with broad outer lobes, mandibular process of outer lobe rounded apically; inner lobes indistinct. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 3G) with inner and outer plates, and palp; inner plate subovate, its medial margin with 3 plumose setae; outer plate subrectangular with 7 serrate teeth apically; palp 2-articulate, longer than outer plate, article 1 lacking marginal setae, article 2 with 3 apical and 1 subapical robust setae. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 3H) with oblique inner row of 3 plumose setae on inner plate. Maxilliped (Fig. 4A–C) with inner and outer plates, and palp; inner plate (Fig. 4C) with 3 apical and 2 subapical robust setae; outer plate (Fig. 4B) with 1 apical plumose seta and 1 apical robust seta and 5 medial slender setae; palp (Fig. 4A) 4-articulate, medial margin of article 2 lined with setae, article 4 with nail.

Gnathopod 1 (= pereopod 1) (Fig. 4D, E) with subquadrate coxa, bearing setae on anterodistal corner of coxa, width 2.0 times as long as depth; anterior margin of basis bare, posterior margin of basis with 5 setae; posterodistal corner of carpus with slender setae, some weakly pectinate; propodus stout, subchelate, palmar margin with 6 medial and 5 lateral robust setae, some distally notched (Fig. 4E); posterior margin of dactylus dentate (Fig. 4E). Gnathopod 2 (= pereopod 2) (Fig. 4F, G) with subquadrate coxa bearing setae on its anterior margin and posterodistal corner, width 1.9 times as long as depth; anterior and posterior margins of basis with 0 and 5 setae, respectively; posterodistal corner of carpus with slender seta, some weakly pectinate; propodus stout, subchelate with 6 medial and 8 lateral robust setae along palmar margin, some distally notched (Fig. 4G); posterior margin of dactylus dentate (Fig. 4G). Pereopod 3 (Fig. 5A) with subquadrate coxa bearing setae on its anterodistal and and posteroventral corners, width 1.8 times as long as depth; anterior and posterior margins of basis with 2 and 5 setae, respectively; merus, carpus, and propodus in length ratio of 1.0 : 1.0 : 0.9; posterior margin of dactylus with 1 seta. Pereopod 4 (Fig. 5B) with subquadrate coxa bearing setae on its anterior margin, anterodistal and posteroventral corners, width 1.8 times as long as depth; anterior and posterior margins of basis each with 3 setae; merus, carpus, and propodus in length ratio of 1.0 : 0.8 : 0.8; posterior margin of dactylus with 1 seta. Pereopod 5 (Fig. 5C, D) with weakly bilobed coxa bearing setae on anterior and posterior lobes; anterior and posterior margins of basis with 3 and 4 setae, respectively; merus, carpus, and propodus in length ratio of 1.0 : 0.8 : 0.9; posterior margin of dactylus with 2 setae (Fig. 5D). Pereopod 6 (Fig. 6A, B) with coxa bearing concave lower margin, posteroproximal corner with 1 seta; anterior and posterior margins of basis with 4 and 3 setae, respectively; merus, carpus, and propodus in length ratio of 1.0 : 0.9 : 1.1; posterior margin of dactylus with 2 setae (Fig. 6B). Pereopod 7 (Fig. 6C–E) with subtriangular coxa, bearing 1 seta on posteroproximal corner; anterior and posterior margins of basis each with 3 setae; merus, carpus, and propodus in length ratio of 1.0 : 1.1 : 1.2; posterior margin of dactylus with 2 setae (Fig. 6E).

Figure 3.

Pseudocrangonyx gudariensis Tomikawa & Sato, sp. n., holotype, male (3.9 mm), NSMT-Cr 24603. A antenna 1, medial view; B antenna 2, medial view; C upper lip, anterior view; D lower lip, ventral view; E left mandible, medial view; F right mandible, medial view; G maxilla 1, dorsal view; H maxilla 2, dorsal view.

Figure 4.

Pseudocrangonyx gudariensis Tomikawa & Sato, sp. n., holotype, male (3.9 mm), NSMT-Cr 24603. A maxilliped, dorsal view; B inner plate of maxilliped, dorsal view; C outer plate of maxilliped, dorsal view; D gnathopod 1, lateral view; E palmar margin of propodus and dactylus of gnathopod 1, medial view; F gnathopod 2, lateral view; G palmar margin of propodus and dactylus of gnathopod 2, medial view.

Figure 5.

Pseudocrangonyx gudariensis Tomikawa & Sato, sp. n., holotype, male (3.9 mm), NSMT-Cr 24603. A pereopod 3, lateral view; B pereopod 4, lateral view; C pereopod 5, lateral view; D dactylus of pereopod 5, lateral view.

Figure 6.

Pseudocrangonyx gudariensis Tomikawa & Sato, sp. n., holotype, male (3.9 mm), NSMT-Cr 24603. A pereopod 6, lateral view; B dactylus of pereopod 6, lateral view; C coxa–carpus of pereopod 6, lateral view; D propodus–dactylus of pereopod 6, lateral view; E dactylus of pereopod 7, lateral view.

Coxal gills (Fig. 2) on gnathopod 2 and pereopods 3–6; sternal gills absent.

Peduncles of pleopods 1 and 2 (Fig. 7A, C) with 2 and 1 setae on outer margins, respectively; peduncle of pleopod 3 (Fig. 7D) lacking marginal setae. Pleopods 1–3 each with paired retinacula (Fig. 7B), and lacking bifid setae (clothes-pin setae) on inner basal margin of inner ramus.

Uropod 1 (Fig. 7E) with basofacial slender seta on peduncle; inner ramus 0.70 times as long as peduncle, inner margin of former with 2 robust setae, outer margin bare, basal part with 3 slender setae; outer ramus 0.76 times as long as inner, its inner and outer margins with 0 and 2 robust setae, respectively. Uropod 2 (Fig. 7F, G) with inner and outer rami; inner ramus 0.90 times as long as peduncle, its inner margin with 4 robust setae, outer margin bare, distal part with 2 serrate and 4 simple robust setae and 1 slender seta (Fig. 7G); outer ramus 0.89 times as long as inner ramus, its outer margin with 1 robust seta. Uropod 3 (Fig. 7H) with peduncle 0.33 times as long as outer ramus, with 1 dorsal and 3 ventral robust setae; inner ramus absent; outer ramus 2-articulate, proximal article with robust setae, terminal article 0.36 times as long as proximal article, with 3 distal setae.

Figure 7.

Pseudocrangonyx gudariensis Tomikawa & Sato, sp. n., holotype, male (3.9 mm), NSMT-Cr 24603. A pleopod 1, anterior view; B retinacula on peduncle of pleopod 1, anterior view; C pleopod 2, anterior view; D pleopod 3, anterior view; E uropod 1, dorsal view; F uropod 2, dorsal view; G distal part of inner ramus of uropod 2, dorsal view; H uropod 3, dorsal view; I–K dorsal margins of pleonites 1–3, respectively, dorsal views; L–N dorsal margins of urosomites 1–3, respectively, dorsal views; O telson, dorsal view; P–R epimeral plates 1–3, respectively, lateral views.

Telson (Fig. 7O) length 1.2 times as long as wide, cleft for 0.08 times of length, each telson lobe with 2 lateral long penicillate setae, 2 apical robust and 1 apical short penicillate setae.

Female [NSMT-Cr 24604, 3.1 mm]. Antenna 1 (Fig. 8A) 0.58 times as long as body length, primary flagellum 12-articulate. Antenna 2 (Fig. 8B) 0.64 times as long as antenna 1, calceoli absent; flagellum 0.64 times as long as peduncular articles 4 and 5 combined, 5-articulate, first 2 of which with 1 robust seta, lacking calceoli.

Figure 8.

Pseudocrangonyx gudariensis Tomikawa & Sato, sp. n., paratype, female (3.1 mm), NSMT-Cr 24604. A antenna 1, medial view; B antenna 2, medial view; C gnathopod 1, lateral view; D palmar margin of propodus and dactylus of gnathopod 1, medial view; E gnathopod 2, lateral view; F palmar margin of propodus and dactylus of gnathopod 2, medial view.

Lacinia mobilis of left mandible 5-dentate.

Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 8C, D) with coxa width 1.9 times as long as depth; palmar margin (Fig. 8D) with 4 medial and 4 lateral distally notched robust setae. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 8E, F) with coxa width 1.8 times as long as depth; palmar margin (Fig. 8F) with 9 medial and 5 lateral robust setae, some distally notched.

Brood plates (Fig. 8G) slender, with numerous setae, on gnathopod 2 and pereopods 3–5.

Uropod 1 (Fig. 9A) with 3 robust setae on inner margin of inner ramus, basal part with 2 slender setae; outer ramus 0.80 times as long as inner. Uropod 2 (Fig. 9B) with 6 simple robust setae and 1 slender seta on distal part of inner ramus. Uropod 3 (Fig. 9C) with peduncle 0.32 times as long as outer ramus; terminal article of outer ramus 0.35 times as long as proximal article.

Figure 9.

Pseudocrangonyx gudariensis Tomikawa & Sato, sp. n., paratype, female (3.1 mm), NSMT-Cr 24604. A–C uropods 1–3, respectively, dorsal views.

Etymology

The specific name is an adjective derived from Gudari-numa, the type locality of the new species.

Distribution and habitat

This species is known only from the type locality. The specimens were collected from interstitial water in the gravelly bottom. Water temperature of the habitat was stable and around 7°C throughout the year (Baba and Ohtaka unpublished).

Remarks

Pseudocrangonyx gudariensis is morphologically similar to P. coreanus described from the Korean Peninsula. The deposited female paratypes of the latter species have calceoli on antenna 2 and pleopods without bifid setae on inner basal margin of inner ramus, which are features that were not mentioned in the original description (NSMT-Cr 13521–13522; Tomikawa and Onodera, personal observation).These two species share the following features: 1) relatively small body size (smaller than 6 mm), 2) eye completely absent, 3) carpus of gnathopod 2 without serrate robust setae on posterodistal corners, 4) outer margin or outer distal corner of pleopods 1 and 2 with setae, 5) inner basal margin of inner ramus of pleopods without bifid setae, and 6) small number of articles (less than 5) of rami of pleopods. However, P. gudariensis is distinguished from P. coreanus by the following features (features of P. coreanus in parentheses): 1) antenna 2 of female without calceoli (present); 2) palmar margins of gnathopods 1 and 2 with distally notched robust setae (absent); 3) inner margin of inner ramus of uropod 2 with 4 (0 or 1) robust setae; and 4) basal part of inner ramus of uropod 2 without slender seta (present).

Pseudocrangonyx gudariensis is also similar to P. febras from river basin of Primorye, Russia in having 1) relatively small body size (smaller than 6.5 mm), 2) eye completely absent, 3) palmar margins of gnathopods 1 and 2 with distally notched robust setae, 4) small number of articles (less than 6) of rami of pleopods, and 5) urosomite 1 without basal setae. However, P. gudariensis is distinguished from the latter by the following features (features of P. febras in parentheses): 1) carpus of gnathopod 2 without serrate robust setae on posterodistal corners (present), 2) peduncle of pleopods 1 and 2 with setae (absent), and 3) article 2 of uropod 3 longer (shorter) than setae on distal part of article 1.

Molecular phylogenies

The obtained BI tree (Fig. 10) had an almost identical topology to that of the ML tree (ln L = −13551.11; not shown). The monophyly of the family Pseudocrangonyctidae (Pseudocrangonyx + Eocrangonyx) was well recovered (BS = 88%, PP = 0.96). However, our analyses failed to obtain robust phylogenetic relationships of the known Pseudocrangonyx species, and to determine the precise phylogenetic positions of each of the new species P. gudariensis (sample #2), P. kyotonis sensu Nunomura (1975) from Gifu (#6), and unidentified Pseudocrangonyx amphipods from Iwate (#4, 5). Two monophyletic lineages received high support values. The one lineage (BS = 99%, PP = 0.99) contained P. yezonis clade (BS = 99%, PP = 1.0; #1, 3), the clade (BS = 100%, PP = 1.0) of the Pseudocrangonyx species from Okayama (11) and Yamaguchi (#14, 15) including P. shikokunis sensu Uéno (1927) (#14), and the clade (BS = 100%, PP = 1.0) comprised two Russian species, P. korkishkoorum and P. tiunovi. However, the relationships among these three clades were unresolved.

Figure 10.

Bayesian inference tree for 2,397 bp of nuclear 28S rRNA plus histone H3 and mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA markers, with the map modified from Fig. 1. Numbers on nodes represent bootstrap values for maximum likelihood and Bayesian posterior probabilities. Specimen numbers are also shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1.

The other monophyletic lineage (BS = 93%, PP = 0.99) consisted of unidentified Pseudocrangonyx species from Shiga Prefecture (#7–10), and from Shikoku (#16–19), plus P. coreanus sensu Narahara et al. (2009) from Shimane (#10), and P. kyotonis sunsu Uéno (1971a) from Shimane as well (#12). Three specimens from Shiga (#7–9) formed a well supported clade (BS = 100%, PP = 1.0). This subclade was a sister lineage to the clade (BS = 88%, PP = 0.97) comprised reminders including a specimen from Shiga (#10). Specimens from Shimane (#12, 13) and Shikoku region (#16–19) formed a monophyletic lineage (BS = 96%, PP = 1.0). Monophyly of the Pseudocrangonyx kyotonis sensu Uéno (#12) and two specimens from Kagawa (#16) and Ehime (#19) was well supported (BS = 98%, PP = 0.99); the latter two (#16, 19) formed a clade, but this relationship was not strongly supported in the ML analysis (BS = 69%, PP = 1.0).

Discussion

As mentioned in the Remarks, P. gudariensis is morphologically similar to P. coreanus and P. febras. These three species share the following characteristics: relatively small body size, absence of basal setae on urosomite 1, and small number of articles of rami of pleopods. However, our phylogenetic analyses failed to recover monophyly of P. gudariensis + P. febras. In addition, P. coreanus sensu Narahara et al. (2009) is genetically distant from P. gudariensis and P. febras. Therefore, the aforementioned shared characteristics do not reflect phylogenetic relationships of Pseudocrangonyx species. Whatever the case, the results of our morphological examination and molecular phylogenetic analyses fully support the distinct taxonomic status of the present new species in this genus.

Sidorov and Holsinger (2007) suggested that the colonization events of the ancestral Pseudocrangonyx species to the Japanese Archipelago could have taken place twice: in the Middle–Late Miocene and the Early Pleistocene through land bridges between the continental China and the Japanese Archipelago. The obtained phylogeny also indicated that multiple colonization events of Pseudocrangonyx amphipods to the Japanese Archipelago occurred. The present Japanese specimens were split into two clades, and three distinctive lineages, of which phylogenetic positions still remain uncertain. Moreover, the obtained tree showed that the phylogenetic positions of the several Japanese individuals did not reflect their geographical distributions. The specimens distributed in the Chugoku region (#11, 14, 15) did not form a monophyletic group with geographically close samples (e.g., #12, 13). These three specimens formed a clade with the northern Japanese P. yezonis and two Russian species. These results indicate that Japanese Pseudocrangonyx species experienced a complicated biogeographical history. To clarify the origin and dispersal routes of Pseudocrangonyx amphipods, comprehensive taxa sampling and more detailed genetic data are needed.

Our phylogenetic results also revealed that the species diversity of Japanese Pseudocrangonyx is quite high, and they should be classified into the known three species and additional undescribed species. Therefore, taxonomic studies should be conducted to determine the systematic accounts of these undescribed amphipods. First, however, the taxonomic status of the three known species described by Akatsuka and Komai (1922) should be revisited. In the obtained tree, P. kyotonis sensu Nunomura (1975) (#6) and sensu Uéno (1971a) (#12) were not monophyletic. The latter was genetically more closely related to the Pseudocrangonyx species distributed in Shikoku (e.g., #16, 17), where the type locality of P. shikokunis is located. Alternatively, P. shikokunis sensu Uéno (1927) (#14) was distantly related to the Pseudocrangonyx specimens collected in Shikoku. These results highlighted that the previous studies of Pseudocrangonyx in Japan contained misidentified or taxonomically uncertain records.

In addition to P. gudariensis, P. kyotonis sensu Uéno (1971a), P. kyotonis sensu Nunomura (1975), and P. coreanus sensu Narahara et al. (2009), five unidentified Japanese Pseudocrangonyx species were identified based on molecular phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 10). Among these five species, it is highly possible that Pseudocrangonyx sp. 5 and Pseudocrangonyx sp. 4 represent the true P. shikokunis and P. kyotonis, respectively, because their collection localities are close to each of the type localities of these species. Accordingly, P. kyotonis sensu Nunomura (1975) and P. shikokunis sensu Uéno (1927) could be considered unidentified Pseudocrangonyx sp. 6 and Pseudocrangonyx sp. 2, respectively. To confirm whether these taxonomic treatments are adequate, molecular phylogenetic analyses including topotypic sequences of described species and detailed morphological analyses are needed.

Our phylogenetic analyses also shed light onto the taxonomic account of Eocrangonyx Schellenberg, 1936. This genus have been placed under the family Pseudocrangonyctidae along with Pseudocrangonyx (Holsinger 1989). These two genera bear a close resemblance to each other in general morphology. Eocrangonyx is distinguished from Pseudocrangonyx by the absence of article 2 of uropod 3 (Holsinger 1989). However, Sidorov and Holsinger (2007) revealed the presence of extremely reduced article 2 of uropod 3 in the Russian E. stygoedincus (Sidorov & Holsinger, 2007). Subsequently, Tomikawa and Shinoda (2016) also revealed the same characteristics in E. japonicus (Uéno, 1930), which is the type species of Eocrangonyx. Our phylogenetic tree showed that Pseudocrangonyx and Eocrangonyx are phylogenetically closely related (Fig. 10). However, the phylogenetic position of E. primoryensis remains unresolved. In addition, E. japonicus genetic data have been never assessed. To evaluate the independence of Pseudocrangonyx and Eocrangonyx, and the validity of article 2 of uropod 3 as a generic diagnostic character, it is necessary to clarify the phylogenetic relationships between Pseudocrangonyx and Eocrangonyx by including additional species and genetic markers. Consequently, there will be an enhanced understanding of species diversity and evolutionary history of the Far Eastern subterranean Crangonyctoidea species.

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr Yuji Abe (Taga Town Museum), Kokichi Aoya (Daisen City), Dr Mark J. Grygier (Lake Biwa Museum), Naoyuki Nakahama (Kyoto University), Ryosuke Okano (Ehime University), Dr Tomislav Karanovic (Sungkyunkwan University), and Naoshi Sato (Ofunato City) for providing specimens of Pseudocrangonyx. KT thanks Satoko Tashiro (Hiroshima University), Yukiko Narahara-Nakano (Hiroshima University), and Daisuke Saiga (Hiroshima University) for supporting field work. Thanks are also due to Dr Ronald Vonk (Naturalis Biodiversity Center), Professor Boris Sket (University of Ljubljana), and Dr Michael Ohl (Museum für Naturkunde) for their critical reading and valuable comments on this manuscript. This work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP25242015, JP25840140, JP15J00720. The open access publication of this manuscript was supported by the Museum für Naturkunde.

References

Akaike H (1974) A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 19: 716–723. doi: 10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705

Akatsuka K, Komai T (1922) Pseudocrangonyx, a new genus of subterranean amphipods from Japan. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 10: 119–126.

Barnard JL, Barnard KH (1983) Freshwater Amphipoda of the World, I. Evolutionary Patterns and II. Handbook and Bibliography. Hayfield Associates, Virginia, 830 pp.

Bousfield EL (1963) New fresh-water amphipod crustaceans from Florida. Natural History Papers, National Museum of Canada 18: 1–9.

Castresana J (2000) Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17: 540–552. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334

Colgan DJ, McLauchlan A, Wilson GDF, Livingston SP, Edgecombe GD, Macaranas J, Cassis G, Gray MR (1998) Histone H3 and U2 snRNA DNA sequences and arthropod molecular evolution. Australian Journal of Zoology 46: 419–437. doi: 10.1071/ZO98048

Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791. doi: 10.2307/2408678

Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3: 294–299.

Geller J, Meyer C, Parker M, Hawk H (2013) Redesign of PCR primers for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I for marine invertebrates and application in all-taxa biotic surveys. Molecular Ecology Resources 13: 851–861. doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12138

Holsinger JR (1989) Allocrangonyctidae and Pseudocrangonyctidae, two new families of Holarctic subterranean amphipod crustaceans (Gammaridea), with comments on their phylogenetic and zoogeographic relationships. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 102: 947–959.

Hou Z, Fu J, Li S (2007) A molecular phylogeny of the genus Gammarus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45: 596–611. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.006

Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 772–780. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst010

Kristjánsson BK, Svavarsson J (2004) Crymostygidae, a new family of subterranean freshwater gammaridean amphipods (Crustacea) recorded from subarctic Europe. Journal of Natural History 38: 1881–1894. doi: 10.1080/00222930310001597295

Labay VS (1999) Atlas and key to the Malacostraca of fresh- and brackish waters of the Island of Sakhalin. In: Fisheries Research in Sakhalin-Kuril Region and Adjacent Waters. Volume 2. Sakhalin Book Publishing House, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 59–73.

Lanfear R, Calcott B, Ho SYW, Guindon S (2012) PartitionFinder: Combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29: 1695–1701. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mss020

Macdonald III KS, Yampolsky L, Duffy JE (2005) Molecular and morphological evolution of the amphipod radiation of Lake Baikal. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 323–343. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.013

Matsuda M (1954) Pseudocrangonyx yezonis found collected from several places in Akita Prefecture. Collecting and Breeding 16: 12–13.

Messing J (1983) New M13 vectors for cloning. In: Wu R, Grossman L, Moldave K (Eds) Methods in Enzymology. Volume 101. Recombinant DNA, Part C. Academic Press, New York, 20–78. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)01005-8

Nakano T (2012) A new sexannulate species of Orobdella (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Orobdellidae) from Yakushima Island, Japan. ZooKeys 181: 79–93. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.181.2932

Narahara Y, Tomikawa K, Torigoe K (2009) Pseudocrangonyx coreanus (Amphipoda, Pseudocrangonyctidae) from a World Heritage Iwami-ginzan silver mine and its cultural landscape, Shimane Prefecture. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 64: 171–176.

Nunomura N (1975) Pseudocrangonyx kyotonis collected from Kumaishi-do Cave (Gifu Prefecture). Nature Study 21: 11.

Palumbi SR (1996) Nucleic acids II: The polymerase chain reaction. In: Hillis DM, Moritz C, Mable BK (Eds) Molecular Systematics.Second Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, 205–247.

Rambaut A, Drummond AJ (2013) Tracer v. 1.6. http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer/

Raupach MJ, Barco A, Steinke D, Beermann J, Laakmann S, Mohrbeck I, Neumann H, Kihara TC, Pointner K, Radulovici A, Segelken-Voigt A, Wesse C, Knebelsberger T (2015) The application of DNA barcodes for the identification of marine crustaceans from the North Sea and adjacent regions. PLoS ONE 10: e0139421. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139421

Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Höhna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/sys029

Schwarz G (1978) Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics 6: 461–464. doi: 10.1214/aos/1176344136

Schellenberg A (1936) Die Amphipodengattungen um Crangonyx, ihre Verbreitung und ihre Arten. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 22: 31–44. doi: 10.1002/mmnz.19370220103

Sidorov DA (2006) A new species of the genus Pseudocrangonyx (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Pseudocrangonyctidae) from Primorye region (Russia). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 85: 1486–1494.

Sidorov DA (2009) New species of stygobiont amphipod (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Pseudocrangonyctidae) from Primorye, with description of female of Pseudocrangony levanidovi Birstein from the Khor River springs. Amurian Zoological Journal 1: 92–105.

Sidorov DA (2012) Pseudocrangonyx kseniae, a new species of Amphipoda (Crustacea, Pseudocrangonyctidae) from subterranean waters of Southern Primorye. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 91: 30–37.

Sidorov DA, Gontcharov AA (2013) Studies on subterranean amphipod crustaceans of Primory, Russia. Part 1. Three new species of the genus Pseudocrangonyx from springs and other groundwater habitats in far eastern Russia. Zootaxa 3693: 547–567. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3693.4.8

Sidorov D, Holsinger JR (2007) Procrangonyx stygoedincus, a new species of subterranean amphipod (Pseudocrangonyctidae) from the Far East of Russia, with remarks on biogeographic relationships. Crustaceana 80: 417–430. doi: 10.1163/156854007780440984

Stamatakis A (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033

Stock JH (1974) The systematics of certain Ponto-Caspian Gammaridae (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 70: 75–95.

Stock JH, Jo YW (1990) Two Crangonyctidae (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from subterranean waters of the Far East. Stygologia 5: 119–127.

Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 2725–2729. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst197

Tanabe AS (2008) Phylogears v. 2.0.2014.03.08. http://www.fifthdimension.jp/

Tomikawa K, Shinoda S (2016) Redescription of a subterranean amphipod, Eocrangonyx japonicus (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Pseudocrangonyctidae) from Japan. Crustaceana 89: 583–594. doi: 10.1163/15685403-00003544

Tomikawa K, Morino H, Ohtsuka S (2008) Redescription of a subterranean amphipod, Pseudocrangonyx shikokunis (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Pseudocrangonyctidae) from Japan. Species Diversity 13: 275–286.

Tomikawa K, Kobayashi N, Kyono M, Ishimaru S-i, Grygier MJ (2014) Description of a new species of Sternomoera (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Pontogeneiidae) from Japan, with an analysis of the phylogenetic relationships among the Japanese species based on the 28S rRNA gene. Zoological Science 31: 475–490. doi: 10.2108/zs140026

Tomikawa K, Tanaka H, Nakano T (2016) A new species of the rare genus Priscomilitaris from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Priscomilitaridae). ZooKeys 607: 25–35. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.607.9379

Tomikawa K, Tashiro S, Kobayashi N (2012) First record of Gammarus koreanus (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Gammaroidea) from Japan, based on morphology and 28S rRNA gene sequences. Species Diversity 17: 39–48. doi: 10.12782/sd.17.1.039

Uéno M (1927) Notes on some subterranean isopods and amphipods of Japan. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University, Series B 3: 355–368.

Uéno M (1930) A new subterranean amphipod from Japan. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 13: 21–23.

Uéno M (1933a) Crustacea recorded from the subterranean waters of Japan. Shokubutsu oyobi Doubutsu 1: 483–489.

Uéno M (1933b) Three noticeable freshwater Crustacea of Hokkaido. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 14: 115–122.

Uéno M (1933c) Subterranean waters and animals of Akiyoshi-dai. Japanese Journal of Limnology 2: 91–95. doi: 10.3739/rikusui.2.91

Uéno M (1934) Subterranean Crustacea from Kwantung. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 14: 445–450.

Uéno M (1966) Results of the speleological survey in South Korea 1966 II. Gammarid Amphipoda found in subterranean waters of South Korea. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 9: 501–535.

Uéno M (1971a) The fauna of the insular lava caves in West Japan. VIII. Subterranean Amphipoda. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 14: 161–170.

Uéno M (1971b) Subterranean Amphipoda from the Islands of Tsushima. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 14: 161–170.

Uéno M (1971c) The fauna of the lava caves around Mt. Fuji-san. II. Amphipoda and Cladocera (Crustacea). Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 14: 219–220.