Research Article |
Corresponding author: Jason A. Dunlop ( jason.dunlop@mfn.berlin ) Academic editor: Danilo Harms
© 2023 Manal Siyam, Jason A. Dunlop, František Kovařík, Abubakr Mohammad.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Siyam M, Dunlop JA, Kovařík F, Mohammad A (2023) Additions to the distribution of Sudanese scorpions. Zoosystematics and Evolution 99(1): 45-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.99.90875
|
Six species of scorpion (Arachnida: Scorpiones) are documented from eighteen localities in seven different states within the Republic of the Sudan. Combining this new data with historical records in the Sudan Natural History Museum and the published literature enables the first provisional distribution maps for Sudanese scorpions. New state records could be added for three medically significant species: Androctonus amoreuxi (Audouin, 1826) from Khartoum, North Kordofan and North Darfur, Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1829) from Kassala, River Nile, White Nile and North Darfur, and Parabuthus abyssinicus (Pocock, 1901) from Kassala. Among the less venomous species, we offer new state records for Buthacus leptochelys (Ehrenberg, 1829) in White Nile State, for Compsobuthus werneri (Birula, 1908) in North Kordofan, White Nile and Kassala States and for Orthochirus olivaceus (Karsch, 1881) in River Nile, Northern and Kassala States. Further information about the taxonomy, distribution and toxicity of Sudanese scorpions is presented.
distribution, East Africa, identification, public health, Scorpiones
Scorpions are a familiar group of arachnids found in warmer regions of the world, including throughout Africa. The Republic of Sudan covers a huge area of eastern Africa and is of particular biogeographical interest for hosting a range of environments (Fig.
Habitus photographs of several Sudanese scorpion species, all in the family Buthidae, for which we can offer new distribution data here. a. Androctonus amoreuxi (Audouin, 1826); b. Buthacus leptochelys (Ehrenberg, 1829); c. Compsobuthus werneri (Birula, 1908); d. Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1829); e. Orthochirus olivaceus (Karsch, 1881); f. Parabuthus abyssinicus (Pocock, 1901). Of these, A. amoreuxi, L. quinquestriatus and P. abyssinicus have a potent venom and are regarded as medically significant.
Distributions of the scorpion species Androctonus amoreuxi (Audouin, 1826), Buthacus leptochelys (Ehrenberg, 1829), Compsobuthus werneri (Birula, 1908) Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1829), Orthochirus olivaceus (Karsch, 1881) and Parabuthus abyssinicus (Pocock, 1901) (all Buthidae) in the Republic of Sudan based on present data and the published literature. As in Fig.
The seventeen species of scorpion currently known from the Republic of Sudan, cross referenced to the eighteen states, listed approximately from north to south: Northern (NS), River Nile (RNS), Red Sea (RSS), Khartoum (KHS) Kassala (KS), Gezira (GS), North Darfur (NDS), West Darfur (WDS), Central Darfur (CDS), South Darfur (SDS), East Darfur (EDS), North Kordofan (NKS), West Kordofan (WKS), South Kordofan (SKS), White Nile (WNS), Sennar (SS), Al Quadarif (AQS), and Blue Nile (BNS).
NS | RNS | RSS | KHS | KS | GS | NDS | WDS | CDS | SDS | EDS | NKS | WKS | SKS | WNS | SS | AQS | BNS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BUTHIDAE | ||||||||||||||||||
A. amoreuxi | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||
A. australis | √ | |||||||||||||||||
B. leptochelys | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||
B. brignolii | √ | |||||||||||||||||
B. duprei | √ | |||||||||||||||||
B. karoraensis | √ | |||||||||||||||||
C. werneri | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||
C. seicherti | √ | |||||||||||||||||
H. minax | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
H. niloticus | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||
L. quinquestriatus | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
N. andersoni | √ | |||||||||||||||||
O. olivaceus | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||
Pa. hunteri | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||
Pa. abyssinicus | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||
SCORPIONIDAE | ||||||||||||||||||
Pnd. sudanicus | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||
Scorpio sudanensis | √ | |||||||||||||||||
COUNTS | 7 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Literature data for Sudanese scorpions was taken from
Another limiting factor here is that the historical museum data only covers five of Sudan’s eighteen states, namely Khartoum, River Nile, Northern, North Kordofan and North Darfur. To supplement this, new scorpion material was collected by the first (MS) and fourth authors (AM) from a total of eighteen localities across seven states: Northern State (Dongola, Wadi Halfa, Wadi El-Ga’ab, Merawi, Bayood Desert, El-Madeqeen), River Nile State (Atbara, El-Mosawarat, El-Manaseer, Mugrat Island), Kassala (Khashm El-Gerba, Kassala), Khartoum State (Khartoum, Omdorman), North Kordofan State (El-Obied), White Nile State (Kosti, Ab-Dareesh) and Sennar State (Dinder National Park). Scorpions were detected in the field using ultraviolet detection torches at night, or by searching under surface debris and rocks during the day. Typical habitats/collecting sites for several species are shown in Fig.
Voucher specimens were preserved in 80% ethanol and deposited either in the Sudan Natural History Museum (SNHMK) and/or the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (MfN) under its traditional acronym ZMB (for ‘Zoologisches Museum Berlin’). Scorpions were initially identified to genus level using available keys, with species identifications mostly confirmed by FK drawing on extensive comparative studies of scorpions from northern and eastern Africa (e.g. Kovařík et al. 2016,
Of the seventeen scorpion species currently known from the Republic of the Sudan (
Family Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837
Genus Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828
1♂ 1♀; SNHMK 2.334, SNHMK 2.337, The Republic of Sudan, North Kordofan State, Abu Zabad (12°21'25.4"N, 29°13'40.2"E, 577 m a.s.l), leg. N.M.G. 28.7.1947., det. N.M.G., leg. A.M.E. 6.1952., det. A.M.E .1♂ 1♀; SNHMK 2.333, North Darfur State, Abu Sufyan (11°55'25.4"N, 26°22'41.2"E, 499 m a.s.l), leg. H.J.M. 1951, det. H.J.M. 1♀ SNHMK 2.331, Northern State, Gureir (18°20'03.0"N, 31°45'22.0"E, 254 m a.s.l), leg. J.W. C., 10.1.1939, det. J.W. C. 1♂ 1♀; ZMB 49413–414, Merawi (18°30'06.7"N, 31°48'15.3"E, 279 m a.s.l), leg. A. Mohammad, 29.05.2011, det. A. Mohammad and F. Kovařík. 1♂ 1♀; SNHMK 2.547, Northern State, El Madeqeen – Sa’ad Finti, (20°20'18.96"N, 30°33'38.23"E, 789 m a.s.l),15.03.2021, leg. H. Marzoug, det. M. Siyam. 1♂; ZMB 49415, Khartoum State, West Omdurman (15°40'59.6"N, 32°14'56.9"E, 428 m a.s.l), leg. A. Mohammad, 25.07.2011, det. A. Mohammad and F. Kovařík.
Male / female total body length (8–10 cm). General coloration yellow. Prosoma yellowish brown, with dark yellow granulated carinae. Mesosoma light brown, tergites granulated over whole surface. Metasoma thick, yellow, except for segment V which is light brown. Telson with two yellowish vertical bands on ventral side; aculeus tip black. Legs yellowish brown. Pedipalps long and brownish orange; manus slightly swollen. Pectines with 21–25 teeth in females and 31–35 teeth in males.
Androctonus amoreuxi is found in the arid north of Sudan, usually in sandy areas. Like L. quinquestriatus (see below), it is highly venomous and aggressive (
Genus Buthacus Birula, 1908
2♀; ZMB 49416–417, The Republic of Sudan, White Nile State, Ab-Dareesh (14°59'31.9"N, 32°26'49.8"E, 384 m a.s.l), 12.05.2013, leg. A. Mohammad, det. F. Kovařík. 1♀ 1♂ juv., Kovařík collection, The Republic of Sudan, Northern State, Kawa, 19°6'29.24"N, 30°30'25.07"W, XI.2013, leg. V. Trailin; Khenifra, IV.2015, leg. V. Trailin.
Female total body length (5–7 cm). General coloration dark orange. Prosoma yellowish brown. Mesosoma dark orange, carinae on tergites almost absent. Metasoma orange except segment I which is darker and segment V which is more orange with granules on the retrolateral sides. Telson yellow, aculeus long with black tip. Legs yellowish brown. Pedipalps brownish orange and long. Pectines with 24 teeth in females and 30–31 in males.
This species, which may in future need to be divided into several species, was first described by
Genus Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949
1♀; ZMB 48709, The Republic of Sudan, Red Sea State, Erkweet, Jebel El-sitt (18°47'49.0"N, 37°06'44.0"E, 1084 m a.s.l), leg. M. Siyam, 06.10.2011, det. F. Kovařík. 1♀; 2.550, Northern State, El Madeqeen – Kouya (20°20'25.512"N, 30°24'17.748"E, 685 m a.s.l), 10.08.2021, leg. H. Marzoug, det. M. Siyam. 1♂ 1♀; ZMB 49494, Northern State, Dongola (19°08'38.8"N, 30°28'51.6"E, 228 m a.s.l), leg. M. Siyam, 07.06.2016, det. F. Kovařík. 1♂1♀; ZMB 49448, ZMB 49493, Northern State, Wadi El-Ga’ab (19°27'47.5"N, 30°15'23.3"E, 219 m a.s.l), 15.09.2019, leg. I, Al-Khidir, det. M. Siyam. 1♀; SNHMK 2.306, North Kordofan State, El-Obeid – Tagat (13°04'26.0"N, 30°20'44.2"E, 600 m a.s.l), leg. M. Siyam,14.9.2018, det. F. Kovařík. 1♂ 1♀; SNHMK 2.311, SNHMK 2.310, White Nile State, Kosti – a farm (13°09'39.4"N, 32°40'59.2"E, 385 m a.s.l), leg. M. Siyam, 17.09.2018, det. F. Kovařík. 4♀; ZMB 49440–443, Kassala State, Muraba’a village – Berno Wadi (14°16'45.8"N, 35°52'36.1"E, 502 m a.s.l), leg. M. Siyam and O. Khalil, 14–19.02.2019, det. M. Siyam.
Male / female total body length (5–6 cm). General coloration pale brown. Prosoma light brown with darker carinae. Mesosoma brown with granulated tergites except VII with lighter coloration. Metasoma yellowish brown, thin and ventral surface granulated with vertical black bands. Telson bulbous, brown, aculeus shorter than vesicle; tip black. Legs yellow. Pedialps medium yellowish brown, manus slightly swollen. Pectines with 17 teeth in females and 20 teeth in males.
Compsobuthus is one of the most widely distributed genera of the family Buthidae with records from the Republic of Sudan, Ethiopia and Somaliland as the south-eastern limits of distribution for this genus (
Genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828
1♀; SNHMK 2.316, The Republic of Sudan, River Nile State, Shendi (16°40'15.6"N, 33°26'59.6"E, 363 m a.s.l), leg. J.W. C., 26.12.1927, det. J.W. C. 1♂ 1♀; ZMB 49463, ZMB 49462, Northern State, Ambucol (21°18'15.6"N, 30°53'13.9"E, 182 m a.s.l), 26.10.2012, leg. A. Mohammad, det. A. Mohammad. 1♂ 1♀; ZMB 50601, Northern State, Bayood Desert, (19°32'42.9"N, 30°30'47.9"E, 224 m a.s.l), 03.09.2012, leg. A. Mohamed, det. A. Mohammad. 1♂; ZMB 49466, Northern State, Merawi (18°30'06.7"N, 31°48'15.3"E, 279 m a.s.l), 25.08.2005, leg. A. Mohamed, det. A. Mohammad. Northern State, 1♂ 1♀; SNHMK 2.548, El Madeqeen – Sa’ad Finti, (20°20'18.96"N, 30°33'38.23"E, 789 m a.s.l),15.03.2021, leg. H. Marzoug, det. M. Siyam. 1♀; ZMB 49467, White Nile State, Ab-Dareesh (14°59'31.9"N, 32°26'49.8"E, 384 m a.s.l), 11.05.2012, leg. A. Mohammad. det. A. Mohammad. 2♀; SNHMK 2. 346, North Darfur State, Kuma District, Hajar Elsari (13°57'04.0"N, 26°01'39.0"E, 745 m a.s.l), 30.07.2012. leg. (unknown), det. M. Siyam.1♀; SNHMK 2. 302, Northern State, Kerma (19°38'27.0"N, 30°35'01.0"E, 223 m a.s.l), 09.10.2016, leg. O. Abubakr, det. M. Siyam. 1♂ 1♀; ZMB 49461, ZMB 49460, Northern State, Wadi El-Ga’ab, (19°27'47.5"N, 30°15'23.3"E, 219 m a.s.l), 15.09.2019, leg. I, Al-Khidir, det. M. Siyam.1♀; SNHMK 2.303, River Nile State, El-Mosawarat (16°16'08"N, 33°16'36"E, 424 m a.s.l), leg. I. Al-Khidir, 06.12.2018., det. M. Siyam. 2♀; SNHMK 2.360, River Nile State, Mugrat Island (19°30'00.0"N, 33°15'00.0"E, 317 m a.s.l), leg. O. Khalil, 03.02.2018. det. M. Siyam, 1♀; ZMB 49465, River Nile State, El-Manaseer, Birti (16°16'08.0"N, 33°16'36.0"E, 424 m a.s.l) leg. M. Bakhit, 07.08.2019. det. M. Bakhit. 2 (juv); ZMB 49422, Kassala State, Khashm El-Gerba - Muraba’a village – Berno Wadi (14°16'45.8"N, 35°52'36.1"E, 502 m a.s.l), leg. M. Siyam and O. Khalil, 14–19.02.2019, det. M. Siyam and F. Kovařík.
Male / female total body length (9–13 cm). General coloration yellow to brownish yellow, depending on region. Prosoma yellowish brown, with brownish granulated carinae. Mesosoma brown, tergites granulated all over (I–VI darker than VII). Metasoma yellow, except segment V which is dark brown; tip of telson black. Legs pale yellow. Pedipalps long and yellow; manus normal. Pectines with 28 teeth in females and 36–37 teeth in males.
Leiurus quinquestriatus is a widely distributed species both in Sudan and northern Africa through into the Middle East. It is typically found in poor savanna areas or mountains, usually under stones or shrubs. This species is highly toxic and aggressive and is known to cause fatalities, especially among children (
Genus Orthochirus Karsch, 1892
1♂1♀; SNHMK 2.535, SNHMK 2.536, River Nile State, El-Manaseer, Birti (18°58'03.7"N, 32°21'32.5"E, 306 m a.s.l) leg. M. Bakheet, 11.08.2019. det. F. Kovařík. and M. Siyam. 1♂; ZMB 49428, Northern State, Wadi El-Ga’ab, (19°27'47.5"N, 30°15'23.3"E, 219 m a.s.l), 15.09.2019, leg. I, Al-Khidir, det. F. Kovařík. 1♀ SNHM 2.549, Northern State, El Madeqeen – Kouya (20°20'25.512"N, 30°24'17.748"E, 685 m a.s.l), 10.08.2021, leg. H. Marzoug, det. M. Siyam.1♀; ZMB 48708, The Republic of Sudan, Kassala State, Near Jebel Taka (15°26'01.0"N, 36°25'19.0"E, 510 m a.s.l), leg. M. Siyam, 04.10.2011, det. F. Kovařík.
Total body length (3–5 cm). General coloration black. Prosoma black with granules. Mesosoma black with thickly granulated tergites. Metasoma black, thick and granulated. Telson entirely black. Legs pale yellow. Pedipalps bicoloured; femur and patella dark brown, manus long and yellow. Pectines with 15–20 teeth in females and 15 teeth in males.
Genus Parabuthus Pocock, 1890
1♀; ZMB 48710, The Republic of Sudan, Red Sea State, Toker (18°32'27.0"N, 37°49'10.0"E, 25 m a.s.l), leg. M. Siyam. 09.10.2011. det. F. Kovařík. 1♀; ZMB 49430, Kassala State, Kassala – El-Gash (15°26'58.8"N, 36°23'21.0"E, 508 m a.s.l), leg. M. Mustafa 26.12.2019., det. M. Siyam and F. Kovařík. 2♂; ZMB 49431–432, Kassala State, Khashm El-Gerba, Muraba’a village – Berno Wadi (14°16'45.8"N, 35°52'36.1"E, 502 m a.s.l), leg. M. Siyam and O. Khalil, 14–19.02.2019, det. M. Siyam and F. Kovařík.
Male/female total body length (7–9 cm). General coloration brown. Prosoma brown; lighter in front. Mesosoma dark brown, with slightly granulated tergites except VII with lighter coloration and thick granulation. Metasoma thick and strongly granulated, segments I–III dark yellow while segments IV and V dark brown. Telson reddish brown, aculeus tip black. Legs yellowish brown. Pedialps long, yellowish brownish, manus normal. Pectines with 33 teeth in females and 40 teeth in males.
Parabuthus is a poorly documented genus in the horn of Africa, and the Republic of Sudan represents the northern limits of its distribution (
Four of the scorpion species found in Sudan have highly potent venom and are thus regarded as medically significant: Androctonus amoreuxi, A. australis, Leiurus quinquestriatus and Parabuthus abyssinicus. For accounts of these species’ toxicity, also in neighbouring countries, see
While there are several published clinical case studies about scorpion stings from Sudan, the authors were, unfortunately, often unable to identify the species involved. For example,
The highest diversity of scorpions in general (according to Table
We thank Othman Khalil, Muhajer Mustafa, Samah Makawi, Intesar Al-Khidir, and Mohamed Bakhit for help with field collection, Anja Friederichs (Berlin) for curatorial assistance, and Abd Elmajeed El-Rasheed and Yousif El-Obeid from the Department of Geology for designing the geographical maps. Victor Fet and an anonymous reviewer provided helpful comments on a previous version of the typescript.