Research Article |
Corresponding author: Wan F. A. Jusoh ( wanfajusoh@nus.edu.sg ) Academic editor: Melissa TR Hawkins
© 2022 Wan F. A. Jusoh, Marcus A. H. Chua, Piet A. J. Bakker, Pepijn Kamminga, Danièle Weiler, Kees Rookmaaker, Martyn E. Y. Low.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Jusoh WFA, Chua MAH, Bakker PAJ, Kamminga P, Weiler D, Rookmaaker K, Low MEY (2022) A historical specimen of the Fishing Cat, Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett, 1833) (Carnivora, Felidae) from Singapore in the zoological collection of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden. Zoosystematics and Evolution 98(1): 43-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.76940
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The Fishing Cat is not a species known to inhabit Singapore. However, a historical specimen stated to have come from Singapore in 1819 and attributed to Pierre-Médard Diard (RMNH.MAM.59688) is now housed at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. Two hundred years after it was obtained, the mounted skin and skull of this specimen, including specimen labels, were photographed and digitally catalogued. Four sets of annotations from labels and a document detailing records and a receipt of specimens sent by Diard to Leiden are presented to ascertain the specimen’s identity, followed by a historical account of Diard based on a reconstruction of the timeline of key events of Singapore’s natural history. Subsequently, the specimen is examined to confirm its taxonomic identity using comparative morphometrics with other museum specimens, and data associated with the specimen are analysed to determine the origins of this specimen. We conclude that the current evidence does not allow confirmation of the specimen’s status as having been collected in Singapore or being obtained from the pet trade. If the specimen was an imported specimen, it would point towards a trade in rare and large animals in Singapore and the region from as early as 1819. Presently, the specimen remains one of the few extant zoological specimens obtained in Singapore in 1819 and the only one currently known outside of England.
digital repatriation, Felis leucojalamus, first Singapore expedition, history of mammalogy, Pierre-Médard Diard, Stamford Raffles, zoological collection
The Fishing Cat, Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett, 1833) is a medium-sized, nocturnal species of the family Felidae. Its natural distribution is still unclear but current known occurrence records suggest that this species is widely distributed in South and Southeast Asia from Pakistan in the west to Cambodia in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to Sri Lanka and peninsular Thailand in the south (
The Fishing Cat is absent from present-day Singapore and the origins of a museum specimen from Singapore housed in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center of the Netherlands (RMNH) need careful investigation. The first mention of the Naturalis specimen was in
As a follow-up study on the historical account of two French naturalists Diard and Duvaucel who collected with Raffles (see below), researchers from Singapore’s Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum (LKCNHM), and the Netherlands’ Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (RMNH) searched through zoological collections in RMNH in November–December 2019 to locate and catalogue, amongst others, the Fishing Cat specimen. This work aims to confirm the taxonomic identity of the Fishing Cat specimen and reconstruct the history of this specimen based on a timeline of key events in the early natural history of Singapore to provide a better understanding of the original fauna of Singapore.
Two French naturalists, Pierre-Médard Diard (1795–1863) and Alfred Duvaucel (1793–1824), who were employed by Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (1781–1826), were among the earliest collectors of zoological material from Singapore and first visited Singapore in early 1819 with much of their collecting taking place between 31 May to 28 June 1819 (
During the four-week period in May and June 1819, which may be referred to as the first Singapore expedition, Diard and Duvaucel appear to have collected the majority of zoological specimens (
Only two specimens from this 1819 collection are currently known to be extant: the Banded Leaf Monkey, Presbytis femoralis (Martin, 1838), and the Green Broadbill, Calyptomena viridis Raffles in Horsfield, 1822 (
In March 1820, the two French naturalists parted ways with Raffles after a falling out and the vast majority of their collections were seized by Raffles; the French naturalists retained specimens for which there were triplicates (
Raffles explicitly stated in his Descriptive Catalogue (
In 1887, Fredericus Anna Jentink (1844–1913) listed the species name, Felis leucojalamus in the synonymy of Felis viverrina Bennett, 1833 in his first catalogue of the mammal collections (“Catalogue Ostéologique des Mammifères”) deposited at the National Museum of Natural History (RMNH) in Leiden (i.e.,
Over four decades later, Leo Daniel Brongersma (1907–1994), a Dutch zoologist and, from 1958, director of RMNH, re-examined the fossil and recent felid material from the Malay Archipelago in RMNH (
The following four sets of annotations accompany the specimen. The annotations are based on three labels found in the box labelled “cat. ost. b” (i.e., specimen b of the “Catalogue ostéologique des Mammifères”, i.e.,
Interpretation 1:
Felis leucojalamus
Diard
Interpretation 2:
Felis leucojalamis/ Felis leucopalmis
Diard
Interpretation 3:
Felis bengalensis
Diard
The third and fourth lines are:
[illegible] déterminé en 1819 à Singapour
elle la trouve aussi en Cochinchine et au Cambodge
The phrases “Felis leucojalamus”, “Diard”, “1819” and “Singapore” appear in Jentink’s and Brongersma catalogue. It is possible that Jentink may only have glanced at the label and thought that Diard had intended to propose a new name for a “espèce inédite” (translation: unpublished species) from Singapore. As seen from his catalogue entry,
More details emerged from Natuurkundige Commissie Archives Online (NCO: https://dh.brill.com/nco) published by Gasso et al. (2020), which showcases specimens, drawings and illustrations as well as documents, such as field books, notes, shipping lists, and correspondence of members of Natuurkundige Commissie voor Nederlandsch-Indië. From NCO, we discovered a two-page document of shipment sent by Diard to Leiden in March 1830 (Fig.
A two-page document listing records of specimens sent by Diard to Leiden in March 1830 (A) with the upper part of the first page (B), shows a title of the document “Catalogue des objets d’hist. nat. de l’envoi de Mr Diard arrivé mars 1830”, while the bottom part of the page (C), shows “Felis leucopalmis du détroit de Singapour” (translated: Felis leucopalmis from the Strait of Singapore) was among the specimens sent by Diard; at the bottom part of the second page, the document was signed by H. Schlegel (D). Reproduced from Natuurkundige Commissie Archives Online (Gasso et al. 2020)
The third interpretation of the specific name is transcribed as “bengalensis” because Diard seemed consistent in writing certain characters such as “i” (with a striking dot) and “s” as in “is” which suggests that the second element after the word “Felis” should be read as “bengalensis” with a cursive “b” (Fig.
The illegible word or phrase before “déterminé” probably consists of five characters, which could read “Crâne” (translation: skull) or “jeune” (translation: young). The elements “Diard”, “1819” and “Singapore” are repeated in Jentink’s and Brongersma’s catalogues.
In addition, there is an inscription in (possibly) Jentink’s handwriting written on the wood: “b Felis viverrina,”
b Felis viverrina.
ad:
1819 Singapore
Prionailurus viverrinus (Benn.) Cat. n°. b
Felis leucojalamus Diard MS. Sex: -
hoort bij opgezette ex.: b (translation: belongs to mounted specimen: b)
Dat: 1819 leg. Diard
Loc: Singapore
Felis viverrina, Hardw.
Ind: Zool.
voy: Diard. Singapoor.
In addition, the pedestal bears the following inscriptions: “849” (written in ink), “314”, and “KOP” (written in pencil, means head or skull) (see Fig.
The reference to “Hardw.” is to Thomas Hardwicke (1756–1835) who figured the “Viverine Cat” (with the scientific name erroneously spelled as “Felis vivirinus”) in the “Illustrations of Indian Zoology” (hereafter the “Illustrations”,
The plate of “Viverine Cat” in the second volume of the “Illustrations” (Gray 1832–1834) which was published between 10 September and 1 October 1834. Reproduced from the Biodiversity Heritage Library (http://biodiversitylibrary.com/).
Although some of the material depicted in the “Illustrations” was stated to have come from Singapore (
But was the specimen RMNH.MAM.59688 that of a Fishing Cat or a misidentified closely related but smaller Leopard Cat, Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr, 1792) that is native to Singapore and Malacca?
We examined specimens of six Fishing Cats and nine Leopard Cats from the Malay Peninsula from the RMNH and the Zoological Reference Collection of Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, ZRC; see Suppl. material
We took the following measurements using callipers: i) greatest length of skull from premaxilla to occipital (GL), ii) condylobasal length from back of occipital condyle to premaxilla (CBL), iii) condylocanine length from back of occipital condyle to front of the canine (CCL), iv) maxillary toothrow length (MT), v) zygomatic width (ZW), vi) height of canine from base to tip (C1H), vii) greatest length of bullae (BL), and viii) greatest width of bullae (BW). One missing data field owing to a broken zygoma was filled with the mean for the species. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed for the eight cranial measurements transformed to a log scale (
The greatest length of the skull RMNH.MAM.59688.a at 13.4 cm is within the range of Fishing Cat skulls (
With the species identity certain, and given that the place and date of acquisition coincide with Diard being in Singapore during his visits to Singapore in 1819 (as discussed above), how then did a specimen collected by Diard end up in RMNH?
To date, apart from the Fishing Cat specimen, all the zoological specimens collected in 1819 that are still extant are currently thought to be in the collections of what is presently known as the Natural History Museum in London (
It is also known that Diard and Duvaucel sent material to the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris (
Following the separation with Raffles, Diard and Duvaucel also parted ways and Diard travelled to several places in Southeast Asia (including what is today Vietnam) for 26 years before returning to Europe in 1843, and then once again returning to Southeast Asia in 1848 (
From the RMNH’s public database, BioPortal (https://bioportal.naturalis.nl, accessed on 13 September 2021) and accession records, over 800 specimens were collected or donated by Diard (while he was still alive and some posthumously) from various places ranging from as early as 1818 to as late as 1869, of which 20% are mammals. For the same period, the database contains 19 specimens (representing 13 species) from Singapore associated with Diard of which the 1819 Fishing Cat specimen appears to be the oldest. Other Diard specimens were acquired by the RMNH in 1858 (viz., eleven specimens of birds and a squirrel) either collected and/or donated by Diard himself for the Committee (Table
List of specimens originating from Diard with “Singapore” given as the source locality in RMNH. Source of information for donor and/or donation date from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (https://bioportal.naturalis.nl/).
Museum Registration Number | Taxon | Date‡ | Identity of material is based on source of material of information§ |
---|---|---|---|
RMNH.AVES.127062 | Ave | 1858 | Chloropsis cyanopogon |
(Temminck, 1829); | |||
Chloropsis cyanopogon Oates | |||
RMNH.AVES.147120 | Ave | 1858 | Malacopteron magnirostre |
(Moore,1854); | |||
Malacopteron magnirostre (Moore) | |||
RMNH.AVES.170553 | Ave | 1858 | Merula obscura; |
Turdus obscurus Gmelin, J.F., 1879 | |||
RMNH.AVES.193050 | Ave | 1858 | Micrastur semitorquatus (Vieillot); |
Micrastur semitorquatus | |||
RMNH.AVES.196738 | Ave | 1858 | Eurystomus orientalis (Linnaeus); |
Eurystomus orientalis deignani | |||
RMNH.AVES.198076 | Ave | 1858 | Buceros Rhinoceros Rhinoceros Linnaeus; |
Buceros Rhinoceros Rhinoceros | |||
RMNH.AVES.199028 | Ave | 1858 | Eurostopodus temminckii (Gould); |
Eurostopodus temminckii | |||
RMNH.AVES.200215 | Ave | 1858 | Calorhamphus fuliginosus hayii (J.E. Gray); |
Calorhamphus fuliginosus hayii | |||
RMNH.AVES.200551 | Ave | 1858 | Harpactes diardii sumatranus Blasius; |
Harpactes diardii sumatranus | |||
RMNH.AVES.202561 | Ave | 1858 | Picus mentalis humii (Hargitt); |
RMNH.AVES.202562 | Ave | Picus mentalis humii | |
RMNH.MAM.39155.a | Mammal | 1859 | Presbytis femoralis (Martin, 1838); |
RMNH.MAM.39155.b | Semnopithecus neglectus Schlegel, 1876 | ||
RMNH.MAM.39156.a | Mammal | 1869 | |
RMNH.MAM.39156.b | |||
RMNH.MAM.53009.a | Mammal | 1858 | Ratufa bicolor (Sparrman, 1778); |
RMNH.MAM.53009.b | Sciurus albiceps Desmarest | ||
RMNH.MAM.59688.a | Mammal | 1819 | Felis viverrina; |
RMNH.MAM.59688.b | Felis leucojalamus; | ||
Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett, 1833) |
In around 1854, Diard was appointed as director of the botanical gardens at Buitenzorg (now Bogor) in the West Java province in which during his tenure, he continued collecting specimens at several places including Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and sending his collections back to
This study concludes that: (1) the Diard specimen is indeed a Fishing Cat, Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett, 1833); (2) that the label was almost certainly written by Diard himself and that the Singapore locality was intended; (3) the 1819 date when it was obtained coincides with Diard’s visits to Singapore. It is interesting to note that the handwritten label indicated that the Felis leucojalamus/leucopalmis/bengalensis can be found in two other places, Cochinchina (now the southern part of Vietnam) and Cambodia which were part of his later travel routes. Diard’s trip to these two places commenced between 1821 and 1822 which means there was a gap of at least two years after the time spent in Singapore in 1819. The inclusion of Cochinchina and Cambodia on the label suggests that Diard wrote this label after he returned from those places but that the specimen had been obtained in Singapore in 1819. However, we are not able to conclusively determine if Diard collected the cat himself in Singapore or if he purchased a specimen that was transported to Singapore.
RMNH.MAM.59688 was accessioned at the RMNH in March 1830 as evidenced by a document signed by H. Schlegel (Fig.
An unlikely alternative scenario would be that the specimen was part of a native Singapore population and that the distribution of the Fishing Cat was or is a lot more widespread than hitherto known or accepted. To date, however, there have been no confirmed reports of Fishing Cats in the Malay Peninsula while the possibility of their occurrence in Sumatra is considered speculative in light of insufficient evidence (Duckworth et al. 2019).
This reconstruction of the history of Diard’s Fishing Cat specimen from Singapore in RMNH suggests that there may be more Singapore material collected in 1819 yet to be discovered. This is the third species (other than the Green Broadbill and the Banded Leaf Monkey) for which the material collected during the first Singapore expedition is still extant.
This pilot study is supported by the Virtual Repatriation of Singapore’s Natural History project, Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore. We thank the Editor and two reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript.
Raw skull measurements and PCA loading matrix
Data type: Raw skull measurements and PCA loading matrix (EXCEL file)
Explanation note: This supplementary file contains data on raw skull measurements and PCA loading matrix.