Research Article |
Corresponding author: Alexander Sánchez-Ruiz ( alex.sanchezruiz@hotmail.com ) Academic editor: Danilo Harms
© 2021 Alexander Sánchez-Ruiz, Leonel Martínez, Alexandre B. Bonaldo.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Sánchez-Ruiz A, Martínez L, Bonaldo AB (2021) Three new species of the spider genus Nopsma (Araneae, Caponiidae, Nopinae) from Colombia. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(2): 383-392. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.69089
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Three new Colombian species of the spider genus Nopsma Sánchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo, 2020 are described and illustrated: Nopsma leticia sp. nov. (male) from Amazonas department, Nopsma macagual sp. nov. (male) from Caquetá department and Nopsma paya sp. nov. (male and female) from Putumayo department. The collection data of the holotype of Nopsma florencia Sánchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo are corrected. Additionally, an updated identification key for all species of the genus and a distribution map for the Colombian species are included.
Arachnida, neotropical region, synspermiata, taxonomy
The two-eyed spider genus Nopsma was recently proposed by
Members of Nopsma are poorly known in Colombia, being represented by only one species, N. florencia Sánchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo, 2020. The species was described from male specimens revised and photographed prior to the publication by the second author of this paper (L.M.), who unfortunately confused the type´s data label with those of other Colombian Nopsma specimens from Macagual in Caquetá department, while the actual locality of N. florencia is in Chocó department. The collection data of this Colombian species is corrected below. On the bright side, this mislabeling event led to the discovery of a new Nopsma species, since the specimens from Macagual belong to an undescribed species. This finding also triggered the opportunity to review caponiids from three Colombian collections, leading to the discovery of two additional undescribed Nopsma species. These three species are herein described, along with the correction of the type locality of N. florencia. Photos of the habitus, male palpal morphology and female genital organs, line drawings of the male copulatory bulbs and schematic drawings of the female internal genitalia are provided. Additionally, a distribution map for all Colombian species and an updated identification key for all species of the genus are presented.
The specimens examined in this study were supplied by the following collections (acronym and curator in parentheses): Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia (IAvH-I, J.C. Neita) Instituto de Ciencias Naturales of the Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, Colombia (ICN-Ar, E. Flórez) and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá (
Morphological observations and illustrations were made using a Leica MC125 stereomicroscope with a camera lucida. Multifocal images were taken with the Leica MC-190 HD and Leica MC-170 HD digital cameras attached to Leica S8AP0 and Leica MC125 stereomicroscopes respectively with extended focal range. All multifocal images were assembled using Helicon Focus Pro ver. 5.3.14. The measurements are in millimeters (mm) and were made using an ocular micrometer. Descriptions and measurements follow
The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures: ap = anterior plate, as = anterior tracheal spiracles, dmr = distal margin of receptaculum, e = embolus, ess = external sclerotization around spiracles, go = genital opening (gonopore), mk = membranous keel on embolus, re = receptaculun, pmr = proximal margin of receptaculum, pp = posterior plate, ps = posterior tracheal spiracles, t = tegulum.
Genus Nopsma Sánchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo, 2020
1 | Large tegulum, reaching or exceeding the palpal tibia length ( |
2 |
– | Small tegulum, not reaching the palpal tibia length ( |
3 |
2 | Elongated palpal tibia, two times the patella length ( |
N. enriquei |
– | Short palpal tibia, just a little longer than patella length ( |
N. armandoi |
3 | Embolus posteriorly directed (Figs |
4 |
– | Embolus anteriorly directed (Fig. |
N. macagual sp. nov. |
4 | Tegulum one-third of the cymbium length (Figs |
5 |
– | Tegulum conspicuously small, only one-fifth the cymbium length (Fig. |
N. florencia |
5 | Embolus with a membranous keel at the opening, extended proximally towards the embolus shaft (Fig. |
6 |
– | Embolus with membranous keel restricted to the opening of embolus tip (Fig. |
N. paya sp. nov. |
6 | Membranous keel long, reaching more than one-third of the embolus shaft (Fig. |
N. leticia sp. nov. |
– | Membranous keel short, reaching only one-fourth or less of the embolus shaft ( |
N. juchuy |
Nopsma florencia Sánchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo, 2020: 483, fig. 18A–F.
Holotype ♂, COLOMBIA: Chocó department, Jardín Botánico El Darién, Capurgana, Acandí, Camino a los Ríos; 8°37'53.95"N, 77°21'23.43"W; 260 m; 14 April 2008; C. Peña leg; pitfall trap;
The type locality of this species is here corrected. The data labels of the holotype and paratype reported in the original description are actually those belonging to Nopsma macagual sp. nov.
Males of Nopsma florencia resemble those of Nopsma leticia sp. nov. by the similarly shaped membranous keel on embolus tip (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Chocó, Colombia (Fig.
Preserved in 70% ethanol. Male holotype in good condition, left palp dissected in a separate microvial.
Holotype ♂, COLOMBIA: Amazonas department, Leticia, Comunidad Indígena Monifue Amena, km 9,8 Vía Leticia-Tarapacá; 4°8'30"S, 69°55'23.72"W; 70 m; 12 Oct. 2003; Ospina leg;
COLOMBIA • 1 ♂; Amazonas department, Leticia, Reserva Forestal del Río Calderón, Estación Biológica El Zafire; 4°00'21"S, 69°53'55"W; 150 m; 2–13 Dec. 2007; L. Franco & S. Flórez leg; IAvH-I 3784 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; IAvH-I 3785.
Males of Nopsma leticia sp. nov. resemble those of Nopsma florencia by having a similarly shaped membranous keel on embolus tip (Fig.
Male (holotype): Total length 3.92. Carapace 1.67 long, 1.42 wide. Sternum 1.02 long, 0.92 wide. Leg measurements: I: 4.37; II: 4.54; III: 4.31; IV: 5.52. Carapace orange-brown with remarkable dorsal pattern of dark brown stains (Fig.
The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.
Males (n=5): total length: 2.68–3.99; carapace length: 1.54–1.71.
Known from two localities in Amazonas department (Fig.
Preserved in 70% ethanol. Male holotype in good condition, left palp dissected in a separate microvial.
Holotype ♂, COLOMBIA: Caquetá department, Florencia, Centro de Investigaciones de la Universidad de la Amazonia Macagual; 1°30'5.364"N, 75°39'46.26"W; 250 m; 29 Mar.–04 Apr. 2017, E. Flórez leg; ICN-Ar 10354.
Nopsma macagual sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other members of Nopsma by having the embolus anteriorly directed (Figs
Male (holotype): Total length 2.67. Carapace 1.51 long, 1.25 wide. Sternum 1.05 long, 0.86 wide. Leg measurements: I: 4.83; II: 4.44; III: 4.42; IV: 5.67. Carapace orange-brown with remarkable dorsal pattern of dark brown stains (Fig.
The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
Preserved in 80% ethanol. Male holotype in good condition, but abdomen is dry and shriveled (Fig.
Holotype ♂, COLOMBIA: Putumayo, Parque Natural Nacional La Paya, Cabaña Viviano Cocha; 0°7'S, 74°56'W; 320 m; 15–20 Jul. 2003; R. Cobete leg; IAvH-I 3786. Paratypes: 1♀; same data as for holotype; IAvH-I 3796 • 1♀; same data as for holotype; IAvH-I 3806.
Males of N. paya sp. nov. resemble those of N. leticia sp. nov. by having an oval tegulum reaching one-third of the cymbium length (Figs
Nopsma paya sp. nov.; A, B, E, F. male holotype; C, D, G. female paratype (IAvH-I 3796). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B Habitus, ventral view. C. Habitus, dorsal view. D. Habitus, ventral view. E. Left palp, retrolateral view. F. Left palp, prolateral view. G. External genitalia, ventral view. H. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D: 1.5 mm, E, F: 0.7 mm, G, H: 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: ap = anterior plate, ess = external sclerotization around spiracles, go = genital opening, pp = posterior plate, re = receptaculum.
Male (holotype): Total length (approximately) 3.04. Carapace 1.60 long, 1.29 wide. Sternum 0.94 long, 0.81 wide. Leg measurements: I: 5.09; II: 4.84; III: 4.58; IV: 6.14. Carapace orange-brown with disperse dorsal pattern of dark brown stains (Fig.
The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.
Drawings of male copulatory bulbs of Colombian Nopsma species. A, B. Nopsma florencia Sánchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo. C, D. Nopsma macagual sp. nov. E, F. Nopsma leticia sp. nov. G, H. Nopsma paya sp. nov. A, C, E, G. Retrolateral view. B, D, F, H. Prolateral view. Scale bars: 0.7 mm. Abbreviations: e = embolus, mk = membranous keel, t = tegulum.
Females (n=2): total length: 4.97–5.24; carapace length: 1.64–1.80.
Schematic drawing of internal female genitalia in two Nopsma species. A. Nopsma juchuy (Dupérré). B. Nopsma paya sp. nov. Scale bars: A, B: 0.5mm. Abbreviations: as = anterior tracheal spiracles, dmr = distal margin of receptaculum, ess = external sclerotization around spiracles, go = genital opening, pmr = proximal margin of receptaculum, pp = posterior plate, ps = posterior tracheal spiracles, re = receptaculum.
Preserved in 80% ethanol. Male holotype with only a half of the abdomen, left palp dissected in a separate microvial. Female paratype IAvH-I 3796 in good condition, genitalia dissected in a separate microvial.
The three new Colombian species of Nopsma described here increase to seven the number of known species of this genus. These new species are probably endemic, being currently known from only one or two localities within the country. Until now, only the males of Nopsma are well known since the few known female specimens belong to the type species, N. juchuy (Dupérré), which was internally studied by (
Members of Nopsma lack crista and arolium but retain the gladius on the anterior legs.
We are grateful to Jhon. C. Neita and Carolina Gómez from Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt, Dimitri Forero from Universidad Javeriana and Eduardo Florez from Universidad Nacional de Colombia for their support and for allowing us the revision of the material herein referenced. We also thank the reviewers Antonio D. Brescovit and Nadine Dupérré for their valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript. This paper was supported by the Programa de Capacitação Institucional (MCTI/MPEG/CNPq 444338/2018-7 process), CNPq grant 302013/2021-0 (A.S.R.) and by a CNPq-PQ grant CNPq 304965/2012-0 (A.B.B.). We also acknowledge a grant from the Convocatoria para el Fortalecimento de las Instituciones de Educación Superior (Convocatoria 890) from Science Ministry of Colombia to L.M.