Short Communication |
Corresponding author: Vincent Nijman ( vnijman@brookes.ac.uk ) Academic editor: Melissa TR Hawkins
© 2021 Vincent Nijman.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Nijman V (2021) No longer based on photographs alone: refuting the validity of golden-crowned langur Presbytis johnaspinalli Nardelli 2015 (Mammalia, Primates, Cercopithecidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 141-145. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.62235
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Increasingly, new species are being described without there being a name-bearing type specimen. In 2015, a new species of primate was described, the golden-crowned langur Presbytis johnaspinalli Nardelli, 2015 on the basis of five photographs that were posted on the Internet in 2009. After publication, the validity of the species was questioned as it was suggested that the animals were partially and selectively bleached ebony langurs Trachypithecus auratus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812). Since the whereabouts of the animals were unknown, it was difficult to see how this matter could be resolved and the current taxonomic status of P. johnaspinalli remains unclear. I present new information about the fate of the individual animals in the photographs and their species identification. In 2009, thirteen of the langurs on which Nardelli based his description were brought to a rescue centre where, after about three months, they regained their normal black colouration confirming the bleaching hypothesis. Eight of the langurs were released in a forest and two were monitored for two months in 2014. The description of their behaviour, photographs and analysis of their cytochrome b genes confirms them as ebony langurs. There is no evidence to support the notion that the golden-crowned langur represents intermediates between melanistic and erythristic ebony langurs, nor that it represents a new species. As such, Presbytis johnaspinalli Nardelli, 2015 is a junior synonym of Trachyptihecus auratus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812). This case underscores the importance of assembling a sufficiently varied amount of data prior to describing new species and studying the actual type specimens.
Colobinae, Indonesia, new species, taxonomy, Trachypithecus
Increasingly, new species are being described without there being a name-bearing type specimen; photographs, videos, DNA analysis and analysis of vocalisations can all be valid datasets to base the description of species on (e.g.
In 2015, the description of new primate species, the golden-crowned langur Presbytis johnaspinalli
The discovery and description of the golden-crowned langur as a new species and the suggestion that it probably represents partially- and selectively-bleached individuals, was discussed widely on blogs, forums, news sites, but also in the broader scientific literature.
I reviewed the available literature, including comments made on blogpost where appropriate and I obtained some additional information through email correspondence with Drs F. Nardelli, D. Brandon-Jones, E. Meijaard, G. Sangster and the late C. Groves. All translations from Bahasa Indonesia are mine. In addition, I report on data I collected on ebony langurs during numerous visits to eastern Java in the period 1994 to 2018 (
D. Brandon-Jones (in
The occurrence of the erythristic morph has been well documented, both through study of museum specimens and field surveys (
To answer the second part of Nardelli’s question, one has to consider not the absolute price of the langur, but the added value that selective bleaching brings, both in terms of raising the asking price and in terms of attracting customers and increasing the ease of selling. To put US$20 (in 2009) in context, we can compare it to the minimum monthly wage. This is set annually by the Indonesian government for each Regency. For the Regency in which Mantingan is situated for the year 2009, the minimum monthly wage was US$69; with 15 langurs present at the time the seizures took place, even if bleaching raises the price by a mere US$5, the additional income exceeds the monthly minimum wage at virtually zero additional monetary costs.
I. Kurniawan (in
Only eight of the original 13 langurs survived and these were released in 2013 and 2014 on Mt. Biru [-7.76, 112.49], close to the Rescue Centre, in at least two different groups. Bobby and Rus were released as part of a group of four (the other two females being a melanistic and an erythristic ebony langur imported from the UK) and this group was subsequently monitored in November and December 2014 by
In discussing the description and the validity of golden-crowned langur, attention was invariably drawn to the fact that it was based on photographs taken at an animal market by people other than the author of the species and that they were subsequently posted on the Internet, as well as whether or not the langurs in the photographs were indeed bleached or dyed (
Ebony langurs Trachypithecus auratus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812). From left, clockwise: partially-bleached individual in the office of the East Javan Nature Conservation Agency in Surabaya (November 2009); partially-bleached individual in the Matingan animal market (May-July 2009); a previously partially-bleached male Bobby after his release back into the wild (November 2014); a previously partially-bleached female Rus after her release back into the wild (November 2014); Bobby grooming Rus (December 2014).
On the basis of the above, I conclude that the langurs that formed the basis of the description of the golden-crowned langur were indeed ebony langurs that were partially bleached. This is no longer supported only by photographs, but also observations of the behaviour and analysis of parts of the mtDNA of two of the animals depicted in the photographs. There is no evidence to support the notion that golden-crowned langurs represent intermediates between melanistic and erythristic ebony langurs, nor that it represents a new species. As such, Presbytis johnaspinalli
I thank the Indonesian Institute of Sciences for supporting my field research in the 1990s and 2000s and Francesco Nardelli, Erik Meijaard, Doug Brandon-Jones, George Sangster, Colin Groves and my students of ANTH7001 Primate Diversity and Conservation for helpful discussions and feedback. I appreciate the comments of two reviewers and the editor.