Research Article |
Renner Luiz Cerqueira Baptista‡, Pedro de Souza Castanheira‡, Gabriel Assunção Oliveira‡, André Wanderley do Prado‡
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Corresponding author: Pedro de Souza Castanheira ( pedrocastanheira.bio@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Danilo Harms
© 2020 Renner Luiz Cerqueira Baptista, Pedro de Souza Castanheira, Gabriel Assunção Oliveira, André Wanderley do Prado.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Baptista RLC, Castanheira PS, Oliveira GA, Prado AW (2020) Descriptions of three new species of jumping-spiders, genus Arnoliseus (Araneae, Salticidae), from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, with comments on their genital morphology and a key to species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 73-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.46509
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Abstract
New data on the jumping-spider genus Arnoliseus are presented. Three new species from the Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro state are described, based on both sexes: Arnoliseus carioca sp. nov. from the city of Rio de Janeiro, and Arnoliseus hastatus sp. nov. and Arnoliseus falcatus sp. nov. from the municipality of Cachoeiras de Macacu. The genus’ genital morphology is discussed in detail and new English terminology for their structures is created. An identification key for all Arnoliseus species is given.
Key Words
Amycinae, Atlantic Forest, Neotropical Region, Taxonomy
Introduction
The jumping-spider genus Arnoliseus Braul, 2002 was proposed in a work by
In this paper, we describe from Rio de Janeiro state three new species of Arnoliseus based on both sexes. One species was collected during the taxonomic survey by
Material and methods
Morphological terminology is generally an English translation of
Specimens and structures were cleaned with Cristofoli Ultrasonic Cleaner and positioned in Veja sanitizer alcohol gel 70% for multifocal images and measurements. Live specimens photographs were taken with a Sony Alpha A6000 with Sony E 30 mm f/3.5 macro lens, while multifocal images were taken with a Leica DFC450 camera mounted on a Leica M205C stereoscope microscope (Leica Camera AG, Wetzlar, Germany) at Laboratório de Entomologia, Universidade do Brasil/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (
For scanning electron microscope (SEM), preparations were submitted to critical point drying and mounted on adhesive copper tape (Electron Microscopy Sciences, EMS 77802), affixed to a stub for examination under high vacuum with a JEOL JSM-6510 microscope at Laboratório de Imagens (Labim), Instituto de Biologia,
For map construction, we used QGIS 2.14. Geographic coordinates were extracted from original labels. When no coordinate information was available, the closest nearby area coordinates were extracted from Google Earth (version 9.1.39.1) or Global Gazetteer (version 2.3, http://www.fallingrain.com/world/index.html).
Abbreviations used in the text and images
Eyes: ALE = anterior lateral eyes; AME = anterior median eyes; PLE = posterior lateral eyes; PME = posterior median eyes.
Legs: Fe = femur; Pa = patella; Ti = tibia; Mt = metatarsus; Ta = tarsus.
Genitalia: CD = copulatory ducts; CO = copulatory openings; E = embolus; FD = fertilization ducts; GH = glandular head (new terminology); N = epigynal notch; RK = retrolateral keel of embolus (new terminology); RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; RTAd = dorsal branch of RTA (new terminology); RTAv = ventral branch of RTA (new terminology); Sp = spermathecae.
Results
Comments on morphology and terminology of structures
The RvTA may actually be a different structure than the RTA. Both RTA and RvTA are present and have a similar position on palp tibia in all genera cited above, except in Arnoliseus. The larger and more median and apical tibial apophysis (RTA) in Vinnius and Frespera species is clearly separated from the other smaller and more lateral and ventral apophysis (RvTA, e.g.
On the other hand, we consider the anterior and posterior RTA in Arnoliseus as just two separate branches of the usual RTA found in other Salticidae. The larger median RTA in Frespera and, especially, Vinnius seems rather similar to the bifurcated RTA in Arnoliseus males, whose common basis is wide, large, and clearly separated from the tibia proper, with both apical corners projected in acuminated tips (Figs 1F, G, 3C, E, 4F, G, 7C, E, 8F, G). A comparison with the large median RTA of V. buzius Braul & Lise, 2002, which is apically truncated and with a projected dorsal apical corner (
Following
The female genitalia in Arnoliseus have a series of characteristics that were not highlighted by
Taxonomy
Arnoliseus
Arnoliseus
Braul in
Type species
Vinnius calcarifer Simon, 1902, by original designation.
Diagnosis
Arnoliseus can be recognized by the following set of characters: bulb with a thick embolus, overlying the tegulum, bearing a wide retrolateral keel, basal article of male chelicerae with a large curved or straight ectal apophysis (or mastidia), male palp with a bifid RTA (dorsal and ventral branches), separated by a notch of variable depth, and an inner hook, epigyne with two semicircular slit-like copulatory openings placed posteriorly in the poorly defined epiginal plate, close to epigastric furrow; female internal genitalia in a transversal position, with all structures at a similar level, much wider than long (Figs 1F, G, 2E, F, 3A–F, 4F, G, 5B, 6E, F, 7A–F, 8F, G, 9A–D, 10E, F).
Arnoliseus carioca sp. nov.
Type material
Holotype ♂. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca, Pau-da-Fome, Trilha da Padaria, 22°56'12.8"S, 043°26'29.1"W, 133 m, 16.iii.2014, looking down, R. Baptista coll. (MNRJ 60024). Paratypes: same locality as holotype, 6 ♂ 4 junviles, 13.vi.2013, sweeping, R. Baptista coll. (
Additional material examined
BRAZIL: 1 ♀ 1 juvneile, Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca, Pau-da-Fome, Trilha da Figueira, 22°54'39.3"S, 043°30'24.8"W, 162 m, 12.vi.2013, sweeping, R. Baptista coll. (
Etymology
The species epithet “carioca” is a Tupi noun used in apposition to designate inhabitants of or anything related to Rio de Janeiro city.
Diagnosis
In A. carioca sp. nov., palps resemble those of A. falcatus sp. nov. as both bear wide embolic complexes with truncated semiquadrate embolic retrolateral keels (Figs 1F, 3B, D, 8F). However, they differ as in A. carioca sp. nov. RTAd and RTAv are in about the same level, forming a “U” (Figs 1G, 3E) and the embolic keel is smaller, with its tip retrolaterally projected, being more proximal than the embolus (Figs 1F, 3D). Females have epigyne similar to A. calcarifer, with two large and pronounced semicircular, slit-like openings (Fig. 2E;
Arnoliseus carioca sp. nov., male holotype (MNRJ 60024). A. Dorsal habitus; B. Ventral habitus; C. Lateral habitus; D. Frontal habitus; E–G. Left palp: E. Prolateral view; F. Ventral view; G. Retrolateral view, exposing the RTA. Scale bars: 2 mm (A–C); 1 mm (D); 0.2 mm (E–G). Arrow points to RTA hook.
Arnoliseus carioca sp. nov., female paratypes. A. Dorsal habitus (
Arnoliseus carioca sp. nov. A. Male holotype chelicerae, ectal view exposing the apophyses (MNRJ 60024). B–F. SEM images: B. Left male palp, ventral view (
Description
Male (holotype MNRJ 60024): carapace reddish brown and very elevated from fovea to the anterior rim (Fig. 1A, B). Fovea dusky with smooth strikes after the eyes (Fig. 1A). Labium long and brown (Fig. 1B). Endites short and dark brown, anteriorly lighter (Fig. 1B). Sternum orange-brown with darker contour (Fig. 1B). PLE evenly separate by almost the carapace length; PME reduced; AME centrally placed, almost touching and occupying most of the clypeus height; ALE located on edge of carapace (Fig. 1A, C, D). Legs orange-brown with dusky patches on femur, tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus of leg I (Fig. 1A–D). Chelicerae paturon reddish brown, bearing thick, bulky, curved, C-shaped apophyses (Fig. 3A). Abdomen oval and tapering to slightly more elongated posterior part towards the dark spinnerets (Figs 1A–C). Dorsum pale beige, with one black transversal line after folium, two black patches followed by one small arched black patch on middle third and U-shaped black patch on posterior edge (Fig. 1A). Lateral portion of abdomen yellow with no patches or lines (Fig. 1C). Venter orange on area of book-lungs and light yellow towards posterior edge, longitudinally divided midway by two orange lines (Fig. 1B). Palps with short tubular tibiae with RTAd and RTAv of almost the same size and apart by a small U-shaped notch; RTAv with carved tip on ectal side (Figs 1G, 3C, E). RTA hook small, almost completely hidden by remaining parts of RTA (Fig. 1G). Cymbium elongated and oval, completely covered by setae (Figs 1E–G, 3B, C). Tegulum ovoid and laterally grooved; embolic complex wide midway, ending in a sclerotized large tip, composed of a more elevated prolateral embolus, bearing the pore opening, and wide, subquadrate and slightly truncated retrolateral keel, with small, triangular and pointed laterally projected apex, located in a lower position to the embolus itself (Figs 1F, 3B, D).
Total length 6.39. Carapace 3.08 long, 0.92 wide, 2.05 high. Left chelicera 1.27 long, 0.67 wide. Clypeus 0.63 high. Endites 0.74 long, 0.47 wide. Labium 0.42 long, 0.38 wide. Sternum 1.30 long, 0.92 wide. Abdomen 3.17 long, 1.57 wide, 1.08 high.
Diameter of eyes and interdistances: AME 0.72; ALE 0.40; PME 0.11; PLE 0.37. ALE–PME 0.36; PME-PLE 0.37. Ocular area (dorsal view): 1.43 long, 1.48 anterior width, 1.45 posterior width.
Leg articles length: Leg I: Fe 2.38; Pa 1.41; Ti 1.82; Mt 1.22; Ta 0.73; Total 7.56. Leg II: Fe 1.70; Pa 0.98; Ti 1.17; Mt 1.09; Ta 0.61; Total 5.55. Leg III: Fe 2.42; Pa 1.00; Ti 1.40; Mt 0.93; Ta 0.54; Total 6.29. Leg IV: Fe 2.12; Pa 0.75; Ti 1.36; Mt 1.15; Ta 0.61; Total 5.99.
Leg formula I-III-IV-II.
Female (paratype
Total length 6.09. Carapace 2.63 long, 1.87 wide, 1.30 high. Left chelicera 0.78 long, 0.52 wide. Clypeus 0.32 high. Endites 0.70 long, 0.54 wide. Labium 0.49 long, 0.43 wide. Sternum 1.10 long, 0.85 wide. Abdomen 3.32 long, 1.09 wide, 1.16 high.
Diameter of eyes and interdistances: AME 0.74; ALE 0.42; PME 0.11; PLE 0.36. ALE-PME 0.35; PME–PLE 0.25. Ocular area (dorsal view): 1.29 long, 1.41 anterior width, 1.43 posterior width.
Leg articles length: Leg I: Fe 1.63; Pa 0.71; Ti 1.11; Mt 0.85; Ta 0.52; Total 4.82. Leg II: Fe 1.15; Pa 0.81; Ti 0.78; Mt 0.41; Ta 0.38; Total 3.53. Leg III: Fe 1.01; Pa 0.81; Ti 1.12; Mt 0.63; Ta 0.47; Total 4.04. Leg IV: Fe 0.89; Pa 0.64; Ti 0.97; Mt 1.02; Ta 0.50; Total 4.02.
Leg formula I-III-IV-II.
Variation
Males (n = 6): total length, 5.58–7.80; females (n = 9): total length, 5.87–7.21.
Distribution
Only known from type locality (Fig. 12).
Preservation status
Well preserved in 75% ethanol. Male holotype with left chelicera dissected. Female paratype
Arnoliseus hastatus sp. nov.
Type material
Holotype ♂. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Cachoeiras de Macacu, Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, Trilha do Fragmento, 22°28'6.20"S, 042°45'38.70"W, 41m, 17.v.2017, beating, R. Baptista coll. (MNRJ 60027). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Cachoeiras de Macacu, Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, Trilha Verde, 22°24'28.30"S, 042°44'16.10"W, 296 m, 18.v.2017, sweeping, H. Schinelli coll., 1 ♂, 1 juvenile (
Additional material examined
None.
Etymology
The specific epithet “hastatus” is a Latin adjective, from the Latin root “hasta”, meaning spear and referring to the projection on basal article of male chelicerae.
Diagnosis
Males of A. hastatus sp. nov. are easily diagnosed from all other species within the genus by straight and extremely elongate, spear-like apophyses on the ectal side of the chelicerae; these apophyses project well beyond the clypeus and are clearly visible in dorsal view (Figs 4A, 5A, 7A). Females of A. hastatus sp. nov. bear a epigynum with a deep notch at the posterior rim and a curved U-shaped CO. Internal genitalia of A. hastatus sp. nov. is set apart from all species within the genus by the extremely thick copulatory ducts with the ectal branch bent over and curved outwards, touching the mesal branches forming wide ventral glandular heads, placed near the spermathecae (Figs 6F, 7F, 11B).
Arnoliseus hastatus sp. nov., male holotype (MNRJ 60027). A. Dorsal habitus. B. Ventral habitus; C. Lateral habitus; D. Frontal habitus; E–G. Left palp: E. Prolateral view; F. Ventral view; G. Retrolateral view, exposing the RTA. Scale bars: 2 mm (A–C); 1 mm (D); 0.2 mm (E–G). Arrow points to RTA hook.
Arnoliseus hastatus sp. nov. A. Male holotype left chelicera, ventral view exposing the apophysis (MNRJ 60027). B–F. SEM images: B. Left male palp, ventral view (
Description
Male (holotype MNRJ 60027): carapace reddish brown, lighter from behind the fovea towards anterior elevated part (Figs 4A, 5A, B). Labium reddish brown and very elongated (Fig. 4B). Endites short, basally reddish brown, orange-brown midway, and distally beige (Fig. 4B). Sternum orange-brown with a smooth darker contour (Fig. 4B). AME centrally placed, almost touching and occupying most of clypeus height; ALE reduced and almost adjoined to AME and PME, located on the edge of carapace, with contour of yellow setae, and PLE evenly separate by almost carapace length (Figs 4A, C, D, 5A, B). Leg I with reddish brown femur and orange-brown patella, tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus, with dusky patches from tibia to tarsus; Legs II–IV yellow, with Leg II bearing dusky patches from patella to tarsus (Fig. 4A–D). Chelicerae with orange-brown paturon, bearing extremely elongated spear-like apophyses on their ectal side (Fig. 4A, B, 5A, B, 7A). Abdomen oval and tapering to the elongated, yellow median and brown lateral spinnerets (Figs 4A–C, 5A). Dorsum yellow, with black transversal line after folium, followed by a brown region towards two medially placed black patches and a small dusky black patch on middle third and rounded black patch on posterior edge (Figs 4A, 5A). Lateral portion of abdomen yellow with no patches or lines (Fig. 4C). Venter yellow on area of book-lungs, greyish towards posterior edge, with two longitudinal, yellow lines midway and lighter contour near spinnerets (Fig. 4B). Palps with short tubular tibias bearing RTAv more developed than RTAd and set apart by a wide, U-shaped notch; RTAv clearly divided midway, forming two pointed projections and RTAd finger-like with a rounded tip (Figs 4G, 7C, E). RTA hook large, visible behind the deep notch separating both branches of RTA (Figs 4G, 7C, E). Cymbium elongated and oval, completely covered by long setae (Figs 4E–G, 7B, C). Embolic complex long, regularly arched, relatively narrow with a poorly sclerotized fringe: embolus itself thick, more elevated, followed by the boomerang-shaped embolic retrolateral keel that bears a straight and undivided tip (Figs 4F, 7B, D).
Total length 5.34. Carapace 2.56 long, 1.85 wide, 1.35 high. Left chelicera 1.03 long, 0.54 wide. Clypeus 0.23 high. Endites 0.70 long, 0.45 wide. Labium 0.46 long, 0.36 wide. Sternum 1.17 long, 0.86 wide. Abdomen 2.6 long, 1.32 wide, 1.45 high.
Diameter of eyes and interdistances: AME 0.71; ALE 0.34; PME 0.10; PLE 0.33. ALE–PME 0.40; PME–PLE 0.37. Ocular area (dorsal view): 1.28 long, 1.50 anterior width, 1.22 posterior width.
Leg articles length: Leg I: Fe 1.59; Pa 1.07; Ti 1.63; Mt 1.02; Ta 0.61; Total 5.92. Leg II: Fe 1.33; Pa 0.56; Ti 0.98; Mt 0.82; Ta 0.58; Total 4.27. Leg III: Fe 1.91; Pa 0.53; Ti 0.98; Mt 0.97; Ta 0.58; Total 4.97. Leg IV: Fe 1.62; Pa 0.78; Ti 0.80; Mt 1.01; Ta 0.65; Total 4.86.
Leg formula I-III-IV-II.
Female: (paratype
Total length 6.66. Carapace 3.05 long, 1.99 wide, 1.54 high. Left chelicera 0.91 long, 0.61 wide. Clypeus 0.36 high. Endites 0.53 long, 0.41 wide. Labium 0.61 long, 0.25 wide. Sternum 1.19 long, 0.88 wide. Abdomen 3.37 long, 1.93 wide, 1.33 high.
Diameter of eyes and interdistances: AME 0.76; ALE 0.32; PME 0.11; PLE 0.31. ALE–PME 0.28; PME–PLE 0.28. Ocular area (dorsal view): 1.52 long, 1.67 anterior width, 1.61 posterior width.
Leg articles length: Leg I: Fe 1.75; Pa 0.73; Ti 1.40; Mt 0.83; Ta 0.56; Total 5.27. Leg II: Fe 1.46; Pa 0.69; Ti 0.98; Mt 0.75; Ta 0.54; Total 4.42. Leg III: Fe 1.97; Pa 0.77; Ti 1.01; Mt 1.02; Ta 0.64; Total 5.41. Leg IV: Fe 1.44; Pa 0.69; Ti 1.03; Mt 1.08; Ta 0.69; Total 4.93.
Leg formula I-III-IV-II.
Variation
Males (n = 3): total length, 5.18–7.09. Females (n = 2): total length, 5.23–6.66.
Distribution
Only known from type locality (Fig. 12).
Preservation status
Well preserved in 75% ethanol. Male holotype with left chelicera and palp dissected. Female paratype
Arnoliseus falcatus sp. nov.
Type material
Holotype ♂. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Cachoeiras de Macacu, Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, Trilha da Lagoa, 22°26'47.90"S, 42°46'20.70"W, 58 m, 11.v.2019, sweeping, R. Baptista coll. (MNRJ 60029). Paratype: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Cachoeiras de Macacu, Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, São José, 22°26'15.60"S, 42°46'26.20"W, 71 m, 12.vii.2018, cryptic, G. Oliveira coll., 1 ♀ (
Etymology
The specific epithet “falcatus”, considered as an adjective, derives from “falx”, a Latin word meaning scythe or sickle, which refers to the scythe-like projection at the apex of the male cheliceral apophysis.
Diagnosis
Arnoliseus falcatus sp. nov. males have palps with retrolateral embolic keels bearing a tip directed retrolaterally as in A. carioca sp. nov. (Figs 1E, F, 3B, D, 8F), but the RTAv is bifid and larger than RTAd, as in A. hastatus sp. nov. (Figs 4F, G, 7C, E, 8F, G). However, A. falcatus sp. nov. has the RK long and with a thicker retrolateral projection, at the same level of the embolus tip (Fig. 8F), and the RTAd is much lower in position in comparison to the clearly divided RTAv (Figs 8F, G). Cheliceral apophysis (or mastidia) are similar to A. carioca sp. nov. and A. graciosa, as in all three species they are curved into a C-shape (Figs 3A, 9A–D;
Arnoliseus falcatus sp. nov., male holotype (MNRJ 60027). A. Dorsal habitus. B. Ventral habitus. C. Lateral habitus; D. Frontal habitus; E–G. Left palp: E. Prolateral view; F. Ventral view; G. Retrolateral view, exposing the RTA. Scale bars: 2 mm (A–C); 1 mm (D); 0.2 mm (E–G). Arrow points to RTA hook.
Description
Male (Holotype MNRJ 60029): carapace dark brown, reddish brown on fovea (Fig. 8A). Labium and endites dark brown (Fig. 8B) Sternum dark brown, lighter posteriorly (Fig. 8B). AME centrally placed, almost touching and occupying half of clypeus height, bearing yellow setae; ALE small, with black tapetum and almost adjoined to AME, located on edge of carapace; PME reduced and located midway between PME and PLE, which is evenly separate by almost carapace length (Fig. 8A, C, D). Leg I reddish brown; Leg II–IV yellow, Leg II with darker patella and joints (Fig. 8A–D). Chelicerae with paturon reddish brown, bearing curved C-shaped apophyses with small knobs midway (Fig. 9A–D). Abdomen oval and tapering to the elongated, dark brown spinnerets (Fig. 8A–C). Dorsum dark brown, with two opposite black patches after the folium, followed by two thick parallel black lines towards the posterior rim (Fig. 8A). Lateral portion of abdomen dark brown, with no patches or lines (Fig. 8C). Venter dark brown, with big black region towards spinnerets (Fig. 8B). Palps with short tubular tibias bearing the small RTA branches separated by a small irregular sclerotized gap; RTAv much larger, clearly carved midway, and apically placed in relation to the rounded RTAd (Fig. 8G). RTA hook medium-sized, scarcely visible behind the notch separating both branchs of RTA (Figs 8G). Cymbium elongated, oval, completely covered by long setae (Fig. 8E–G). Embolic complex long, relatively thin; RK bearing a large, elongated, triangular retrolateral tip, in the same level of the sclerotized and almost undistinguishable embolus itself (Fig. 8F).
Total length 5.76. Carapace 2.72 long, 2.35 wide, 2.04 high. Left chelicera 0.79 long, 0.71 wide. Clypeus 0.47 high. Endites 0.74 long, 0.47 wide. Labium 0.54 long, 0.19 wide. Sternum 1.26 long, 0.98 wide. Abdomen 3.04 long, 1.66 wide, 1.96 high.
Diameter of eyes and interdistances: AME 0.67; ALE 0.34; PME 0.15; PLE 0.33. ALE-PME 0.41; PME-PLE 0.38. Ocular area (dorsal view): 1.24 long, 1.50 anterior width, 1.60 posterior width.
Leg articles length: Leg I: Fe 2.31; Pa 1.26; Ti 1.88; Mt 1.01; Ta 0.61; Total 7.07. Leg II: Fe 2.06; Pa 0.88; Ti 1.29; Mt 0.77; Ta 0.39; Total 5.39. Leg III: Fe 2.44; Pa 0.78; Ti 1.30; Mt 0.98; Ta 0.52; Total 6.02. Leg IV: Fe 1.98; Pa 0.64; Ti 1.13; Mt 1.10; Ta 0.41; Total 5.26.
Leg formula I-III-II-IV.
Female: (Paratype
Total length 4.09. Carapace 1.97 long, 1.36 wide, 1.02 high. Left chelicera 0.43 long, 0.38 wide. Clypeus 0.17 high. Endites 0.43 long, 0.36 wide. Labium 0.32 long, 0.24 wide. Sternum 0.78 long, 0.61 wide. Abdomen 1.97 long, 1.26 wide, 1.03 high.
Diameter of eyes and interdistances: AME 0.48; ALE 0.25; PME 0.09; PLE 0.20. ALE–PME 0.27; PME–PLE 0.27. Ocular area (dorsal view): 0.87 long, 0.97 anterior width, 1.09 posterior width.
Leg articles length: Leg I: Fe 0.97; Pa 0.59; Ti 0.73; Mt 0.42; Ta 0.34; Total 3.05. Leg II: Fe 0.91; Pa 0.44; Ti 0.47; Mt 0.43; Ta 0.28; Total 3.02. Leg III: Fe 1.11; Pa 0.52; Ti 0.57; Mt 0.40; Ta 0.42; Total 3.02. Leg IV: Fe 1.02; Pa 0.32; Ti 0.59; Mt 0.62; Ta 0.43; Total 2.98.
Leg formula I-III-IV-II.
Distribution
Preservation status
Well preserved in 75% ethanol. Male holotype with left chelicera and palp dissected. Female paratype with genitalia dissected.
Key to species
| 1 | Male | 2 |
| – | Female | 6 |
| 2 | Chelicerae with very elongated, narrow, straight and pointed apophyses, visible in dorsal view | A. hastatus sp. nov. (Figs 4A, B, D, 5A, B, 7A) |
| – | Chelicerae with apophyses moderately elongated, curved inwards and not visible in dorsal view | 3 |
| 3 | Tip of embolic complex rounded, not diverging from the retrolateral keel |
A. graciosa ( |
| – | Tip of embolic complex diverging in a truncated retrolateral keel | 4 |
| 4 | RTAv not pointed and apart from posterior RTAd by a smaller gap | 5 |
| – | RTAv pointed and apart from RTAd by a very large gap |
A. calcarifer ( |
| 5 | Embolic keel in a lower position in comparison with the tip of the embolus itself and with a small retrolateral tip | A. carioca sp. nov. (Figs 1F, 3B–D) |
| – | Dark brown abdomen; embolic keel in the same level of the embolus itself and with retrolateral tip longer and wider | A. falcatus sp. nov. (Fig. 8A, F) |
| 6 | Epigyne with two thick, slit-like copulatory openings | 7 |
| – | Epigyne with slender, slit-like copulatory openings |
A. graciosa ( |
| 7 | CD with slender ectal branches overreaching the spermathecae apexes | 8 |
| – | CD with thick ectal branches in lower position from the spermathecae apexes | 9 |
| 8 | Glandular heads thick, enlarged, and not twisted |
A. calcarifer ( |
| – | CD with tubular and elongated ectal branches, laterally projected | A. falcatus sp. nov. (Figs 10F, 11C) |
| 9 | CD with U-shaped ectal branches with pointed glandular heads | A. carioca sp. nov. (Figs 2F, 3F, 11A) |
| – | CD bending over, with ectal branches bearing thick, enlarged, and twisted glandular heads which touch the mesal branches | A. hastatus sp. nov. (Figs 6F, 7F, 11B). |
Acknowledgments
We thank A. Kury and Carla Barros for depositing the new species holotypes and some of the paratypes in the MNRJ. We also thank the staff of the Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca and Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu for which fieldwork would otherwise be impossible. We are also indebted to Dr José Ricardo M. Mermudes for the use of automontage microscope at Laboratório de Entomologia (
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