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Research Article
Taxonomic and faunistic study of Aulacidae (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea) from Iran, with illustrated key to species
expand article infoMostafa Ghafouri Moghaddam‡, Giuseppe Fabrizio Turrisi§
‡ University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
§ Unaffiliated, Catania, Italy

Corresponding author: Mostafa Ghafouri Moghaddam ( msc.ghafouri@gmail.com )

Academic editor: Michael Ohl
© 2018 Mostafa Ghafouri Moghaddam, Giuseppe Fabrizio Turrisi.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Ghafouri Moghaddam M, Turrisi GF (2018) Taxonomic and faunistic study of Aulacidae (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea) from Iran, with illustrated key to species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(1): 95-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22501
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:583BCCD1-F6E1-492A-A0CE-5E1DB5114477
Open Access

Abstract

Aulacidae are parasitoids of wood-boring larvae of Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, known in all zoogeographic regions of the World, except Antarctic. Two aulacids, Pristaulacus compressus (Spinola, 1808) and the rare Pristaulacus mourguesi Maneval, 1935, have been recently collected from Iran, the latter being a new record. Based on available data, the Iranian aulacid fauna includes five species within a single genus, Pristaulacus Kieffer 1900. A brief taxonomic treatment, as well as morphometric data and an illustrated key to species, are provided.

Key Words

Pristaulacus , Western Iran, wood-boring, parasitoid, illustrated key

Introduction

The aulacid wasps, Aulacidae Shuckard, 1842 are endoparasitoids of wood-boring larvae Coleoptera (Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) and Hymenoptera (Xiphydriidae). The family Aulacidae is small distinct family in the superfamily Evanioidea. This family includes 262 extant species grouped within only two genera, Aulacus Jurine, 1807 with 83 species and Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900 (including the former Panaulix Benoit, 1984), with 177 species (Jennings and Austin 2004, Turrisi et al. 2009, Chen et al. 2016, Turrisi and Nobile 2016; Turrisi 2017). According to the online Taxapad (Yu et al. 2012) this family contains four subfamilies and 11 genera, including fossils. Some identified fossils are not completely known and their inclusion within Aulacidae still remains somewhat questionable (Zhang and Rasnitsyn 2004).

Some evidence support strongly a close relationship between Aulacidae and Gasteruptiidae and each group are currently considered as distinct families (Jennings and Austin 2000, Turrisi et al. 2009). However, the current generic classification of the Aulacidae is not sufficiently robust and needs further study. There is strong support for the monophyly of Pristaulacus but not for Aulacus, which is largely paraphyletic in the cladistics analyses of Turrisi et al. (2009). The faunistic knowledge of Aulacidae is generally unsatisfactory due to their general rarity and difficulty in collecting by conventional methods, e.g., by net; there is a general paucity of available material, even in the large museums (Turrisi 2007).

The Iranian Aulacidae has been recently treated by Ghahari (2012), Lotfalizadeh et al. (2017) and Ghahari and Madl (2017). Nonetheless, continuous sampling in different ecosystems, particularly with Malaise traps, has resulted in new records which we present in this paper, along with an illustrated key to species.

Material and methods

The specimens examined in the present paper have been recently collected using a modified Malaise-trap (Funnel-Townes Style, B. Motamedinia, unpublished: BM-MTF-TS) placed in various localities of Kermanshah province (Western part of Iran), as well as in Eastern provinces (Fig. 1A–B). The traps were a basic Malaise trap supplemented with an additional internal collecting bottle. The insects bump into the black mesh panel and move towards the lighter mesh to escape due to their positive phototropism (van Achterberg 2009); at this point, they encounter the collection bottle and become permanently trapped. However, a considerable number of insects fail to enter the collecting bottle for various reasons e.g., inappropriate installation of trap or collecting bottle, displacement of the trap by wind, or the particular behavior of the insects (Fig. 1C–D). The collected specimens were killed in 75% ethanol and then glued on triangular cards, according to AXA protocol (van Achterberg 2009). Finally, all of the specimens labeled using new pinning block (Ghafouri Moghaddam et al. 2017).

Figure 1. 

Malaise traps; locations. A Kermanshah province, Dudan, adjacent to the river and valley; B Kermanshah province, Harsin, near the foothills; C and D Additional collecting bottle inside the trap.

Specimens were examined under a Nikon® SMZ645 stereomicroscope (Nikon® Inc., Japan). Illustrations of taxonomically important body parts were taken using a Canon® EOS 700D (Canon® Inc., Japan), a simple light source with halogen lamp (manual) and 2× lenses mounted on Hund® Stereomicroscope (Wetzlar Inc., Germany). Multiple images were subsequently processed in Zerene StackerTM version 1.04 software and post processed in Adobe Photoshop® CS6. The images in the illustrated key were prepared by the second author using voucher specimens already deposited in his private collection. Morphological terminology follows Crosskey (1951), Huber and Sharkey (1993) and Turrisi (2007). Terminology for surface sculpturing follows Harris (1979). A distributional map was generated using SimpleMappr (Shorthouse 2010) and collecting localities are given in Fig. 8. The following abbreviations are used for depositories: CPTO: Guido Pagliano collection, Torino, Italy; DPPZ: Collection of Department of Plant Protection, University of Zabol, Iran; DU: Depository Unknown; MCSN: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “G. Doria”, Genova, Italy; MNHN: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire d’Entomologie, Paris, France; MNHN: Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria; ZIN: Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; ZMUC: Zoological Museum, Copenhagen University, Denmark.

Measurements were done with a micro-ruler. Morphometric ratios were measured in tpsDig ver. 2.05 (Rohlf 2006), using digitized coordinates of landmarks and capture outlines. It should be noted that we documented measurements to the nearest 0.001 mm with tpsDig, but we conservatively report them to an accuracy of two decimal places. Definitions and abbreviations for the measured characters are shown in Table 1 (see also Figs 2, 3, 5).

Table 1.
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Abbreviation for morphometric data, measured in the examined material.

Abbreviation Definition Explanation
ClL Clypeal maximum length Full-face view, as in Fig. 5A
ClOL Clypeus-ocellar line Distance between base of clypeus and median ocellus, full-face view (Fig. 5A).
ClW Clypeal maximum width Full-face view, as in Fig. 5A
CoL Hind coxa maximum length In lateral view, as in Fig. 3C
CoW Hind coxa maximum width In lateral view, as in Fig. 3C
EL Eye maximum length Vertical line length of compound eye, full-face view (Fig. 2A)
EW Eye maximum width Horizontal line, width of the compound eye, full-face view (Fig. 2A)
FWL Fore wing maximum length From median margin of first axillary sclerite to distal point of wing blade, as in Fig. 3A
FWW Fore wing maximum width Longest line drawn perpendicular to the length axis, as in Fig. 3A
HL Head maximum length From anterior prominence of head to base of occipital carina, dorsal view (Fig. 2B)
HW Head maximum width Maximum distance between lateral margins of compound eyes dorsal view (Fig. 2B)
IOL Inter-ocular line Shortest distance between inner margin of compound eyes, full-face view (Fig. 2A)
MsL Mesosoma maximum length longest anatomical line that connects the posterior-most point of the propodeal lobe with the anterior-most point of the pronotum, but if one of the reference points is not visible, dorsal view may help, preferentially in lateral view (Fig. 2D)
MsW Mesosoma maximum width In dorsal view, as in Fig. 2E
MtL Metasoma maximum length From base of petiole to base of pygidium, lateral view (Fig. 3B)
OD Ocellar diameter In dorsal view, as in Fig. 2B
OML Ocular-mandibular line Minimum distance between anterior margin of compound eye and mandibular insertion to head, full-face view (Fig. 5A)
OOCL Ocular-occipital carina line Minimum distance between lateral margin of compound eye and base of occipital carina lateral view (Fig. 2C)
OOL Oculo-ocellar line Shortest distance between margins of compound eye and ocellus, dorsal view (Fig. 2B)
OTL Oculo-tentorial line Minimum distance between anterolateral margin of compound eye and tentorial pit, full-face view (Fig. 5A)
PEL Petiole maximum length From anterior-most margin to posterior margin of petiole, dorsal view (Fig. 2F)
PEW Petiole maximum width Dorsal view, as in Fig. 2F
PL Propodeum maximum length From apex of scutellum to base of petiole, dorsal view (Fig. 2E)
POL Posterior-ocellar line Shortest distance between margin of lateral ocelli, dorsal view (Fig. 2B)
PSL Pterostigma maximum length As in Fig. 3A
PSW Pterostigma maximum width As in Fig. 3A
PW Propodeum maximum width In dorsal view, as in Fig. 2E
TL Temple maximum length Minimum distance between anterior margin of compound eye and base of occipital carina, dorsal view (Fig. 2B)

Results

Five species belonging to the genus Pristaulacus are recorded from five provinces of Iran (East-Azarbaijan, Guilan, Kermanshah, Shiraz and West Azarbaijan) (Fig. 8). The species recorded for the first time from Iran and from individual provinces are marked with a single (*) or double (**) asterisks, respectively. It should be noted that no depository was mentioned for specimens of both P. barbeyi and P. galitae from Iran (Ghahari 2012), thus, it has not been possible to examine this material for confirmation. These taxa are marked below with an #.

Illustrated key to Iranian Pristaulacus Kieffer

1 Lateroventral margin of pronotum without tooth-like process (a) 2
– Lateroventral margin of pronotum with at least one tooth-like process (aa) 3
2 Head dull to weakly shiny, extensively transverse striolate (a); hind tarsus dark brown; tarsal claw with two tooth-like processes (b); petiole stocky and short (c) P. barbeyi (Ferrière, 1933)
– Head shiny, mostly polished, except frons weakly striolate punctate (aa); hind tarsus yellow; tarsal claw with four tooth-like processes (bb); petiole slender and elongate (cc) P. gloriator (Fabricius, 1804)
3 Lateroventral margin of pronotum with one tooth-like process (see first couplet) 4
– Lateroventral margin of pronotum with two tooth-like processes (aa) P. compressus (Spinola, 1808)
4 Large sized species (body length, excluding ovipositor, 16.5–18.5 mm); occipital carina rim-like, blackish, 0.2× diameter of an ocellus (a); hind basitarsus weakly but distinctly curved, 1.5× longer than tarsomeres 2–5 (b); ovipositor 1.4× fore wing length P. mourguesi Maneval, 1935
– Medium sized species (body length, excluding ovipositor, 8.0–11.5 mm); occipital carina cerciniform, brownish, 0.5× diameter of an ocellus (aa); hind basitarsus straight, 1.1× longer than tarsomeres 2–5 (bb); ovipositor 1.2× fore wing length P. galitae (Gribodo, 1879)

Family Aulacidae Shuckard, 1842

Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900

Pristaulacus barbeyi (Ferrière, 1933) #

Odontaulacus barbeyi Ferrière, 1933: 141, Holotype ♀ and paratype ♂. — Algeria, Babor (MNHN).

Distribution

Algeria, Greece, Morocco, Spain, Turkey (Turrisi 2007) and Iran (Ghahari 2012; Turrisi 2013a, b, c).

Distribution in Iran

West Azarbaijan province (Ghahari 2012: DU).

Diagnosis

P. barbeyi is a small to medium-sized species, with body length (excluding ovipositor) of 6.7–11.8 mm, fore wing length 5.1–8.1 mm; ovipositor length 1.3× fore wing length (holotype), but variable length among specimens from Turkey. It is readily distinguished by the shape of the head with a very narrow cerciniform occipital carina (width less than 0.2× ocellus diameter), rounded latero-ventral margin of pronotum without tooth-like processes, tarsal claw bearing two tooth-like processes along the inner margin, and a short and stocky petiole.

Hosts

Ghahari (2012) mentioned an unknown Buprestidae as host of this species in Iran, living on Abies.

Pristaulacus compressus (Spinola, 1808) **

Figs 2, 3, 4

Aulacus compressus Spinola, 1808: 48, Holotype ♂. — Italy, Liguria, Habitat in montibus Orerii (MCSN).

Specimens examined

2♀, DPPZ. Iran, Kermanshah province, Dudan, 35°01′00″N, 46°11′32″E, 1155m, 20.VI.2016, Malaise trap no. 2 mounted in orchard, leg.: M. Zardouei Heidari; 1♀, DPPZ. Iran, Kermanshah province, Harsin, 34°16’18.89”N, 47°36’16.63”E, 1568 m, 05.VII.2016, Malaise trap no. 1 mounted in orchard, leg.: M. Zardouei Heidari.

Distribution

Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Lebanon, Morocco, Poland, Romania, Russia (western territories), Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and former Yugoslavia (Madl 1990, Turrisi 2007, 2011, 2013a).

Distribution in Iran

Shiraz (Madl 1990: 114, MNHN), East-Azarbaijan (Lotfalizadeh et al. 2017: DU), and Kermanshah province (new record).

Diagnosis

It is a medium sized species with a body length of 8.8–14.2 mm (excluding ovipositor), fore wing length 6.6–9.5 mm. It is readily distinguished by having a wide occipital carina (width equal to ocellus diameter), a pair of tooth-like processes on each latero-ventral margin of pronotum, reddish-orange hind tarsus, and ovipositor length 1.1–1.3× fore wing length.

Figure 2. 

Pristaulacus compressus Spinola 1808. female (Iran): A face, frontal view; B head, dorsal view; C head, lateral view; D mesosoma, lateral view; E mesosoma, dorsal view; F petiole and metasoma, dorsal view.

Figure 3. 

Pristaulacus compressus Spinola 1808. female (Iran): A fore and hind wing; B petiole and metasoma, lateral view; C hind coxa, lateral view; D hind claw, ventral view.

Figure 4. 

Pristaulacus compressus Spinola 1808. female (Iran): lateral habitus.

Morphometric ratios

CIOL/ClL: 1.10; ClL/ClW: 3.33; ClW/OML: 0.69; CoL/CoW: 2.61; EL/EW: 2.42; EL/OML: 2.90; EW/OOCL: 0.40; EW/OTL: 1.21; FWL/FWW: 3.10; HL/ClL: 4.04; HL/TL: 2.07; HW/EW: 9.48; HW/HL: 1.21; IOL/CIOL: 1.36; IOL/EW: 2.91; IOL/HW: 0.30; IOL/OML: 3.48; MsL/MsW: 2.18; MtL/MtW: 2.57; PEL/PEW: 1.90; PL/PW: 0.67; POL/OD: 1.46; POL/OOL: 1.00; SL/SW: 2.89; TL/EL: 1.55.

Hosts

This species was reared from Chlorophorus adelii Holzschuh, 1974 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in tree oak, Quercus sp. (Madl 1990, Wall 1994). The reared beetle is polyphagous on deciduous trees and is endemic to Iran (Holzschuh 1974).

Remarks

The distribution of this species covers mainly the European area (see Turrisi 2011). It shows some intraspecific variation in colour and sculpture of some parts of the body (Turrisi 2007). The most similar species is P. lindae Turrisi, 2000, having hind tarsi blackish brown, metasoma more extensively red orange, different shape of mesosoma, sculpture of prescutum carinulate rugulose, a longer petiole and ovipositor (see Turrisi (2007, 2011 for more details). The head bears a coarser punctuation than European specimens of P. compressus and P. lindae, but less so than the other two similar species P. samai Turrisi, 2011 and P. rapuzzii Turrisi, 2011.

Pristaulacus galitae (Gribodo, 1879) #

Aulacus galitae Gribodo, 1879: 339, Holotype ♀. — Tunisia, Galita Island (CPTO).

Distribution

Algeria, Austria, Bulgaria, Canary Islands (Tenerife), Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece (including Crete and Rhodos), Hungary, Iran, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Morocco, Poland, Romania, Russia (westernmost area), Slovakia, Spain, Tunisia (including Galita Island), Turkey, Ukraine and former Yugoslavia (Turrisi 2007, 2013a, Ghahari 2012, Huflejt and Wiśniowski 2012).

Distribution in Iran

East Azarbaijan province (Ghahari 2012: DU).

Diagnosis

P. galitae is a medium-sized species with a body length of 8.0–11.2 mm (excluding ovipositor), fore wing length 4.5–7.8 mm. It is distinguished by the combination of the following features: shape of the head, with rounded profile of temple, occipital carina moderately wide (0.5× OD), one anterior tooth-like process on each side of latero-ventral margin of pronotum, ovipositor length 1.0–1.2× fore wing length.

Hosts

Ghahari (2012) mentioned specimens reared in Iran from Trichoferus griseus # (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) feeding on common fig, Ficus carica L. (Moraceae).

Pristaulacus gloriator (Fabricius, 1804)

Bassus gloriator Fabricius, 1804: 99, Holotype ♀. — Germany, Habitat in Germ. Dom. Smidt (ZMUC).

Distribution

Albania, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia (European and central areas), Slovakia, Turkey, former Yugoslavia (Turrisi 2007, 2013a, Huflejt and Wiśniowski 2012).

Distribution in Iran

Guilan province (Madl 1990: 114–115, MNHN; Turrisi 2007).

Diagnosis

P. gloriator is a medium to moderately large-sized species with a body length of 10.2–15.0 mm (excluding ovipositor), fore wing length 8.2–11.8 mm. It can be easily identified by the shape of the head with a narrow cerciniform occipital carina (width 0.2× OD), a rugulose-carinulate frons, latero-ventral margin of pronotum rounded without tooth-like processes, four tooth-like processes on the inner margin of tarsal claw, and light yellow tarsi.

Hosts

This species was reared from Paraclytus reitteri (Ganglbauer, 1881) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) feeding on alder, Alnus sp. The reared beetle is polyphagous in deciduous trees i.e. Acer, Alnus, Carpinus and Quercus (Miroshnikov 2014).

Remarks

This species was previously recorded as P. holzschuhi Madl, 1990 from Bandar-e Pahlavi (now called: Bandar-e Anzali - Anzali Port), Assalem, Guilan, Iran (Madl 1990), and is considered as a synonym of P. gloriator (Turrisi 2007) (type material examined and deposited in MNHN).

Pristaulacus mourguesi Maneval, 1935 *

Figs 5, 6, 7

Pristaulacus mourguesi Maneval, 1935: 66, Holotype ♀. — France, Pont-Ravatgers (MNHN).

Specimens examined

2♀, DPPZ. Iran, Kermanshah province, Dudan, 35°01′00″N, 46°11′32″E, 1155m, 20.II.2016, BM-MTF-TS mounted in orchard, leg.: M. Zardouei Heidari; 1♀, DPPZ. same locality label, 05.VI.2016, BM-MTF-TS mounted among Oak forest - Quercus brantii Lindley, leg.: M. Zardouei Heidari.

Distribution

Croatia, France, Greece, Hungary (Turrisi 2007, 2013a), Iran (new record).

Distribution in Iran

Kermanshah province.

Diagnosis

P. mourguesi is one of the largest species among the Palaearctic Pristaulacus with a body length varying from 16.5 to 18.5 mm (excluding ovipositor), and fore wing length of 8.8–13.0 mm (♀). It is distinguished by the shape of the head, narrow cerciniform occipital carina (width 0.2× ocellus diameter), hind basitarsus long and slightly curved, 1.5× length of tarsomeres 2-5, and long ovipositor, 1.4–1.6× fore wing length.

Figure 5. 

Pristaulacus mourguesi Maneval, 1935. female (Iran): A face, frontal view; B head, dorsal view; C head, lateral view; D mesosoma, lateral view; E mesosoma, dorsal view; F petiole and metasoma, dorsal view.

Figure 6. 

Pristaulacus mourguesi Maneval, 1935. female (Iran): A fore and hind wing; B petiole and metasoma, lateral view; C hind coxa, lateral view; D hind claw, ventral view.

Figure 7. 

Pristaulacus mourguesi Maneval, 1935. female (Iran): lateral habitus.

Morphometric ratios

CIOL/ClL: 1.21; ClL/ClW: 2.75; ClW/OML: 0.78; CoL/CoW: 2.71; EL/EW: 2.65; EL/OML: 2.72; EW/OOCL: 0.58; EW/OTL: 1.14; FWL/FWW: 3.02; HL/ClL: 2.01; HL/TL: 1.97; HW/EW: 5.40; HW/HL: 1.27; IOL/CIOL: 1.27; IOL/EW: 3.26; IOL/HW: 0.60; IOL/OML: 3.35; MsL/MsW: 1.91; MtL/MtW: 6.39; PEL/PEW: 2.39; PL/PW: 0.55; POL/OD: 2.08; POL/OOL: 1.33; SL/SW: 2.62; TL/EL: 0.80.

Hosts

Unknown (Turrisi 2007).

Remarks

This species was previously recorded only from Europe (Turrisi 2007, 2013a). There is a possible record for the Near East without source material (Madl 2012). The closest species is P. morawitzi (Semenow, 1892) being medium sized, punctures of head very fine, superficial, and scattered, metasoma pyriform, strongly compressed, nearly entirely reddish orange. See Turrisi (2007) for more details.

Figure 8. 

Distribution map of aulacid species in some provinces of Iran.

Discussion

The number of Iranian Aulacidae is raised to five, all within a single genus (Pristaulacus). All these species have been collected in Northern and Northwestern (forest habitat) regions, except P. compressus, which is recorded from Southern (subdesertic habitat) region.

Jennings et al. (2004) stated that remnant stands of forest are an ideal habitat for their wood-boring hosts. These wasps can be locally abundant in areas undergoing logging or forest fires. The rich fossil record of Aulacidae indicates they were quite abundant in the Mesozoic (Jennings and Austin 2004, Turrisi et al. 2009).

The new specimens have been collected in Zagros forests, which have an area of about 6 million hectares (3.5 percent of Iran), located in the west of Iran with a semi-arid to temperate climate. This wide territory is also referred to as western oak forests (oak-woodland), due to the dominancy of oak species (Quercus spp.). The species composition of the woodland vegetation depends on the climatic conditions (Zohary 1973, Kwandrans 2007).

The five species reported in this paper are distributed only in the Western part of the Palearctic region. The results of the present study clearly show the improved efficiency of modern collecting methods for Hymenoptera that are rarely collected with most conventional methods. In addition, the best collecting period seems to be June and this is consistent with those reported in Lotfalizadeh et al. (2017).

Although the research suggests a higher number of species in the Western territories of Iran we predict that the Eastern and Southern parts should also be quite species-rich. Further investigation, especially in poorly collected regions will probably increase the number of known species (Turrisi 2014). The species reported from Iran have ranges included in the Western part of the Palaearctic region. Given the poorly known faunistic situation, it is premature to discuss possible relationships among faunas of Iran and adjacent territories.

Acknowledgements

We are indebted to Ms. Maryam Zardouei Heidari (University of Zabol, Iran) for collecting the specimens and Mr. Amir Nabizadeh Sarabandi (University of Birjand, Iran) for his suggestion and advice on photographing. The authors also express their deep gratitude to Ehsan Rakhshani (University of Zabol, Iran) who offered constructive comments that significantly improved the manuscript. The Museum für Naturkunde Berlin kindly waived the author’s fees for this manuscript. The authors thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor for the helpful comments on the manuscript.

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