Research Article |
Corresponding author: Xingyue Liu ( xingyue_liu@yahoo.com ) Academic editor: Michael Ohl
© 2018 Xingyue Liu.
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Citation:
Liu X (2018) A review of the montane lacewing genus Rapisma McLachlan (Neuroptera, Ithonidae) from China, with description of two new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(1): 57-71. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.21651
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The genus Rapisma McLachlan, 1866 (Insecta: Neuroptera: Ithonidae) is a rare and poorly known lacewing group endemic to Asia. Here I present a revision of the Rapisma species from China, with description of two new species, namely Rapisma changqingensis sp. n. and Rapisma chikuni sp. n. The Chinese Rapisma now comprises five species that respectively belong to two monophyletic species groups. Rapisma changqingensis sp. n. represents the northernmost record of the genus, being distributed at the border of eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions. Moreover, the homology of genital sclerites of Rapisma is also updated.
Neuropterida , taxonomy, new species, Oriental region
The genus Rapisma McLachlan, 1866 (commonly called montane lacewings) is one of the extremely rare groups of the holometabolous insect order Neuroptera. The adults of Rapisma are a kind of spectacular lacewings, with relatively large body-size and moth-like general appearance. They are characterized by the broad body, the head retracted under stout prothorax, the short antennae, and the broad wings, usually being greenish, yellowish or brownish, with complex venations (see detailed generic characters in the systematic section below). Previously, Rapisma was the single representative of the family Rapismatidae (
The most comprehensive study on Rapisma refers to
Rapisma was found from China for the first time in a few years after the aforementioned series of taxonomic works (
In this paper we present a taxonomic revision of Rapisma from China, providing descriptions or re-descriptions of all Chinese Rapisma species, including two new species. The new species Rapisma changqingensis sp. n. from Qinling Mountains extends the northernmost border of the distribution range of Rapisma to the transitional zone between eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions. A revised interpretation on the homologies of genital sclerites of Rapisma is also provided.
Specimens for the present study are deposited in the Entomological Museum, China Agricultural University (
Genitalic preparations were made by clearing the apex of the abdomen in a warm, saturated KOH solution for 20–30 min. After rinsing the KOH with acetic acid and water, the apex of the abdomen was transferred to glycerin for further dissection and examination. Habitus photos of adults were taken by using Nikon D800 digital camera with Nikon MICRO NIKKOR 105 mm lens, and the genitalic figures were made by hand drawing under Carl Zeiss Discovery V12 stereo microscope. The terminology of the genitalia generally follows
Rapisma McLachlan, 1866: 353. Type species: Hemerobius viridipennis Walker, 1853: 276 (original designation).
Medium- to large-sized lacewings (forewing length 19–35 mm). Head (Figs
Thorax (Fig.
Head of Rapisma spp. in frontal view, (A) Rapisma chikuni sp. n., holotype male; (B) Rapisma daianum Yang, holotype male; (C) Rapisma xizangense Yang, male; (D) same species, female (holotype of Rapisma zayuanum Yang); (E) Rapisma changqingensis sp. n., holotype male; (F) same species, paratype female; (G) Rapisma yanhuangi Yang, male; (H) same species, female. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.
Wings (Figs
Forewing broad, greenish, yellowish or brownish. Costal space very broad, particularly at base; costal crossveins usually with marginal forks and with interlink veinlets, most of which are arranged into a longitudinal line on proximal half. Recurrent humeral veinlet present, with several branches. ScA present, short. ScP running free to wing margin, not fused with RA, distally with a few short branches. Subcostal space with many crossveins (number ranging 18–31). RP+MA diverging very near base of R; RP with 3–9 pectinate branches. MA diverging near base of RP and forking repeatedly, with initial branching point either near base of MA or rather distad midpoint of MA. MP diverging into MP1 and MP2 near base; MP1 only forked near wing margin; MP2 profusely and usually dichotomously branched. Cu diverging into CuA and CuP slightly proximad initial branching point of MP. CuA forked only distally; CuP at least initially forked around midpoint; a series of interlink veins present among cua-cup crossveins and longitudinally arranged into a pseudo longitudinal vein. A1 with a few distal branches; A2 and A3 proximally fused, each forked near its base. Simple jugal vein present. Crossvenation exceptionally rich, distal-most crossveins among branches of RP+MA arranged into a gradate series.
Hindwing slightly shorter and narrower than forewing. Frenulum present, short. Venation generally similar to that of forewing, except for the followings. Costal space much narrower than that of forewing, with interlink veinlets among costal crossveins absent. RP with 2–7 pectinate branches. No interlink veinlets among cua-cup crossveins.
Abdomen corpulent. Genital segments much smaller than pregenital segment. Male genitalia (Figs
Rapisma chikuni sp. n., (A) male genitalia, dorsal view; (B) male genitalia, ventral view; (C) male gonocoxites and gonostyli 11, dorsal view; (D) complex of internal male genital sclerites, ventral view. c – callus cercus; e – ectoproct; hi – hypandrium internum; T – tergum; S – sternum. Gonocoxites 9, gonocoxites 11 and gonostyli 11 are respectively highlighted in pale blue, pale green and green in panels C and D. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.
Rapisma xizangense Yang, (A) male genitalia, dorsal view; (B) male genitalia, ventral view; (C) male gonocoxites and gonostyli 11, dorsal view; (D) complex of internal male genital sclerites, ventral view; (E) female genitalia, lateral view; (F) female genitalia, ventral view; (G) female gonocoxites+gonapophyses 8, ventral view. c – callus cercus; e – ectoproct; gx – gonocoxite; gp – gonapophysis; gst – gonostylus; T – tergum; S – sternum. Gonocoxites 9, gonocoxites 11 and gonostyli 11 are respectively highlighted in pale blue, pale green and green in panels C and D. Gonocoxites 9, gonostyli 9 and gonapophyses 9 are respectively highlighted in pale blue, blue, and dark blue in panel F, while gonocoxites 8 and gonapophyses 8 are respectively highlighted in pale yellow and yellow in panels F and G. Scale bar: 1.0 mm (A, B, E, F, G), 0.5 mm (C, D).
Distribution. China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand.
1 | Antennae extremely short, less than 1/5× forewing, moniliform; male gonocoxites 9 glabrous, not bilobed posteroventrally (Figs |
2 |
– | Antennae relatively long, ~1/3× forewing length, subserrate; male gonocoxites 9 bilobed and covered with many short spines posteroventrally (Figs |
4 |
2 | Body and forewings brownish in male but greenish in female; male fused gonocoxites 11 in dorsal view distinctly produced posterolaterally (Fig. |
R. xizangense Yang |
– | Body and forewings greenish in both male and female; male fused gonocoxites 11 in dorsal view not produced posterolaterally (Figs |
3 |
3 | Male head medially without dark marking (Fig. |
R. changqingensis sp. n. |
– | Male head medially with dark markings (Fig. |
R. yanhuangi Yang |
4 | Male head medially without dark marking (Fig. |
R. daianum Yang |
– | Male head medially with dark markings (Fig. |
R. chikuni sp. n. |
Body and forewings generally greenish. Forewing with sparse small grayish brown spots. Male head medially with dark markings on vertex and frons. Antenna subserrate, ~1/3× forewing length. Male gonocoxites 9 paired, covered with many short spines; each with a robust lobe, which laterally bears a digitiform projection and dorsally bears a flat accessory lobe, and with a short, arcuately curved lateral arm; fused gonocoxites 11 generally arched, in dorsal view nearly semicircular, anteromedially strongly concaved, leaving a pair of broadly shell-shaped lobes, which bear a pair of acutely tapering accessory lobes on their laterodistal ends; gonostyli 11 fused, subtrapezoidal, bearing short setae, ventrally with a pair of obtuse processes and with a feebly sclerotized median bar.
Male. Body length 14.5 mm; forewing length 26.6 mm, hindwing length 23.0 mm.
Head nearly semiglobular, slightly retracted under prothorax, visible in dorsal view. Head yellowish; a transverse blackish brown band present on anterior portion of vertex; frons also with a transverse blackish brown band. Compound eyes blackish brown; EI ratio 0.84. Antenna subserrate, 8.5 mm long, with 62 flagellomeres; yellowish, but proximal two flagellomeres and those on distal 1/4 of flagellum slightly darker. Mandibles with tips black.
Pro- and mesothorax greenish, but metathorax yellowish; pronotum anteriorly with a pair of subtriangular blackish brown markings, and posterolaterally with a pair of ovoid blackish brown markings; meso- and metanotum each laterally with a pair of large and a pair of punctiform blackish brown markings. Legs yellowish; pretarsal claws reddish brown, proximally slightly produced.
Forewing greenish, with sparse small grayish brown spots. Trichosors present only along costal margin. A proximal nygma present between RP+MA and MP, blackish, covered with a blackish spot. RP with 7 pectinate branches. Hindwing much paler than forewing, immaculate. A proximal nygma present between RP+MA and MP, yellowish. RP with 4 pectinate branches.
Abdomen brown, with terga and genitalia greenish yellow. Tergum 9 subtrapezoidal, moderately setose. Sternum 9 nearly as long as but narrower than tergum 9, subtrapezoidal, posteriorly slightly concaved. Ectoprocts slightly shorter and much narrower than tergum 9; callus cerci present, slightly prominent. Gonocoxites 9 paired, covered with many short spines; each with a robust lobe, which laterally bears a digitiform projection and dorsally bears a flat accessory lobe, and with a short, arcuately curved lateral arm. Fused gonocoxites 11 generally arched, in dorsal view nearly semicircular, anteromedially strongly concaved, leaving a pair of broadly shell-like lobes, which bear a pair of acutely tapering accessory lobes on their laterodistal ends. Gonostyli 11 fused, subtrapezoidal, bearing short setae, ventrally with a pair of obtuse processes and with a feebly sclerotized median bar. Hypandrium internum relatively large, arrow-shaped, with slenderly foliate lateral lobes.
Female. Unknown.
Holotype male, China, Yunnan, Yingjiang, Nabang, Rongshuwang [24°40.48'N, 97°35.33'E], 850 m, 30.VI.2017, Yutang Wang (
The new species is dedicated to Prof. Chikun Yang who made outstanding contributions to the taxonomy of Rapisma from China.
China (Yunnan).
The new species probably belongs to a monophyletic group including Rapisma corundum Barnard, 1981 from eastern Myanmar, Rapisma tamilanum Barnard, 1981 from southern India, and R. daianum from southern Yunnan, China, because these species share some apomorphic characters, e.g. the subserrate male antennae and the posteriorly bilobed male gonocoxites 9. The new species can be distinguished from the related species by the head medially with dark markings, the male gonocoxites 9 with median lobes not curved anteriad, and the male fused gonocoxites 11 broadly shell-like laterally.
Rapisma daianum Yang, 1993: 147. Type locality: China (Yunnan: Menghai).
Body and forewings yellowish, possibly greenish in fresh specimens. Forewing with sparse small grayish brown spots. Male head medially without dark marking. Antenna subserrate. Male gonocoxites 9 paired, covered with many short spines; each with a digitiform lobe, which is curved at tip, laterally bears a thick conical projection, and dorsally bears a flat accessory lobe, and with a short, arcuately curved lateral arm; fused gonocoxites 11 generally arched, anteriorly shallowly incised, but anterior margin largely truncate; gonostyli 11 fused, subquadrate, bearing short setae, posteriorly with V-shaped incision, leaving a pair of subtriangular lobes.
Male. Body length 18.0 mm; forewing length 22.0 mm, hindwing length 20.0 mm.
Head nearly semiglobular, slightly retracted under prothorax, visible in dorsal view. Head yellowish, immaculate in general, only with a narrow blackish brown stripe along anterior half of inner margin of compound eye. Compound eyes blackish brown; EI ratio 1.00. Antennae partly damaged, subserrate, yellowish brown to brown, with at least more than 50 antenomeres. Mandibles with tips black.
Thorax yellowish; meso- and metanotum each laterally with a pair of grayish brown markings. Legs yellowish; pretarsal claws reddish brown, proximally slightly produced.
Forewing yellowish, with sparse small grayish brown spots. Trichosors absent. A proximal nygma present between RP+MA and MP, blackish. RP with 6 pectinate branches. Hindwing much paler than forewing, immaculate. A proximal nygma present between RP+MA and MP, yellowish. RP with 3 pectinate branches.
Abdomen yellowish except for pleural portions brown. Gonocoxites 9 paired, covered with many short spines; each with a digitiform lobe, which is curved at tip, laterally bears a thick conical projection, and dorsally bears a flat accessory lobe, and with a short, arcuately curved lateral arm. Gonostyli 11 fused, subquadrate, bearing short setae, posteriorly with V-shaped incision, leaving a pair of subtriangular lobes. Fused gonocoxites 11 generally arched, anteriorly shallowly incised, but anterior margin largely truncate. Hypandrium internum relatively large, arrow-shaped, with slenderly foliate lateral lobes.
Female. Unknown.
Material examined. Holotype male, China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menghai [ca. 21°57.19'N, 100°27.31'E], 1200–1600 m, 21.VII.1958, Shuyong Wang (
China (Yunnan).
This species appears to be closely related to R. corundum in having similar male gonocoxites 9, while it can be distinguished from the latter species by the forewing with grayish brown spots and the male gonostyli 11 posteriorly with V-shaped incision. In R. corundum the forewings are immaculate and the male gonostyli 11 is not incised posteriorly.
Rapisma xizangense Yang, 1993: 148. Type locality: China (Xizang: Jigong).
Rapisma zayuanum Yang, 1993: 149. Type locality: China (Xizang: Jigong).
Body and wing coloration greatly differed between males and females, generally brownish in males but greenish in females. Male head medially with dark markings on vertex, frons and clypeus, while female head immaculate. Antenna extremely short, less than 1/5× forewing length. Male gonocoxites 9 paired, glabrous; each with an ovoid lobe, which dorsally bears a subtriangular accessory lobe, and with a slender, arcuately curved lateral arm; fused gonocoxites 11 generally arched, anteriorly shallowly concaved, posteromedially truncate, posterolaterally distinctly produced in dorsal view; gonostyli 11 having subtriangular dorsal lobe with a few short setae, and flat ventral lobe distally with a pair of tufts of long setae.
Male. Body length 13.0–14.0 mm; forewing length 19.0–20.0 mm, hindwing length 16.6–17.0 mm.
Head nearly semiglobular, largely retracted under prothorax, barely visible in dorsal view. Head yellowish brown; a narrow blackish stripe present around compound eye; vertex with a large brown marking, which is sometimes expanded, making vertex almost entirely brown; frons and clypeus medially with a brown marking that is much narrower than vertexal marking. Compound eyes dark brown; EI ratio 0.80. Antennae nearly moniliform, short, 4.4–4.5 mm long, with 27–28 flagellomeres; pale yellowish brown. Mandibles with tips black.
Thorax pale brown, meso- and metathorax slightly paler than prothorax, without any distinct markings. Legs yellowish; pretarsal claws reddish brown, proximally slightly produced.
Forewing brownish, with many small brown spots on crossveins. Trichosors absent. A proximal nygma present between RP+MA and MP, blackish. RP with 8–9 pectinate branches. Hindwing much paler than forewing, immaculate. A proximal nygma present between RP+MA and MP, blackish. RP with 6–8 pectinate branches.
Abdomen brown. Tergum 9 subtrapezoidal, with sparse short setae, posterior margin slightly concaved. Sternum 9 nearly as long as tergum 9, about 1.5 times as wide as long, subtrapezoidal. Ectoprocts nearly as long as tergum 9, ventrally divided into a pair of ovoid lobes; callus cerci present, slightly prominent. Gonocoxites 9 paired, glabrous; each with an ovoid lobe, which dorsally bears a subtriangular accessory lobe, and with a slender, arcuately curved lateral arm. Fused gonocoxites 11 generally arched, anteriorly shallowly concaved, posteromedially truncate, posterolaterally distinctly produced in dorsal view. Gonostyli 11 with a pair of dorsal lobes and a single ventral lobe; dorsal lobe subtriangular, with a few short setae; ventral lobe flat, distally with a pair of tufts of long setae.
Female. Body length 19.1–22.0 mm; forewing length 30.0–31.3 mm, hindwing length 26.0–26.2 mm.
Body and forewings in general greenish. Head without dark marking. Forewing sometimes with very indistinct trace of dark spots on a few crossveins.
Sternum 7 large, posteromedially with a narrow groove. Gonocoxites+gonapophyses 8 fused, broadly subtriangular, but divided by an arched transverse suture, notched distally, with a pair of digitiform projections and a weak median projection. Gonocoxites 9 nearly semicircular in lateral view, distally with tiny gonostyli 9; a pair of small setose ovoid gonapophyses 9 present posteriad gonocoxites 8 and beneath gonocoxites 9. Ectoprocts subtrapezoidal in lateral view, slightly broadened posteriad.
Holotype male, China, Xizang, Chayu, Jigong [28°39.17'N, 97°27.21'E], 2300 m, 2.VII.1978, Guangwu Li (
China (Xizang).
This species appears to be closely related to Rapisma nepalense Barnard, 1981 from Nepal and Rapisma almoranum Barnard, 1981 from northern India in having similar yellowish brown body and medially punctuate head in males as well as male gonocoxite 9 posteriorly with glabrous, ovoid lobe. However, it can be distinguished from R. nepalense by the absence of large median dark spot on forewing and the relative broad lobe of male gonocoxite 9, and it differs from R. almoranum by the male gonocoxite 9 with a broad lobe and a subtriangular accessory lobe.
Rapisma xizangense is known for the remarkable sexual dimorphism of body and wing coloration (
Body and forewings generally greenish in both males and females. Head medially without dark marking. Antenna extremely short, less than 1/5× forewing length. Male gonocoxites 9 paired, glabrous; each with a broad subtrapezoidal lobe and a slender, arcuately curved lateral arm; fused gonocoxites 11 generally arched, anteriorly broadly concaved but with a semicircular median notch, posteriorly convex in dorsal view; gonostyli 11 having obtuse dorsal lobe with a few short setae, and flat ventral lobe distally with a pair of tufts of long setae.
Male. Body length 18.0 mm; forewing length 25.0 mm, hindwing length 21.7 mm.
Head nearly semiglobular, largely retracted under prothorax, barely visible in dorsal view. Head slightly yellowish green; a narrow blackish stripe present around compound eye and slightly extending toward vertex. Compound eyes blackish brown; EI ratio 0.68. Antenna nearly moniliform, short, 4.0 mm long, with 24 flagellomeres; yellowish throughout. Mandibles with tips black.
Thorax entirely greenish, meso- and metathorax slightly paler than prothorax, without any distinct markings. Legs yellowish throughout; pretarsal claws reddish brown with base yellowish, proximally slightly produced.
Forewing greenish, immaculate. Trichosors absent. A proximal nygma present between RP+MA and MP, whitish. RP with 8 pectinate branches. Hindwing much paler than forewing. A proximal nygma present between RP+MA and MP, whitish. Costal space with a few interlink veinlets among costal crossveins on proximal half. RP with 7 pectinate branches.
Abdomen yellowish green, with terga and genitalia brown. Tergum 9 subtrapezoidal, with sparse short setae. Sternum 9 slightly shorter than tergum 9, about 2.0 times as wide as long, with slightly arcuate posterior margin. Ectoprocts slightly shorter and much narrower than tergum 9, ventrally divided into a pair of ovoid lobes; callus cerci present, slightly prominent. Gonocoxites 9 paired, glabrous; each with a broad subtrapezoidal lobe and a slender, arcuately curved lateral arm. Fused gonocoxites 11 generally arched, anteriorly broadly concaved but with a semicircular median notch, posteriorly convex in dorsal view. Gonostyli 11 with a pair of dorsal and a single ventral lobe; dorsal lobe obtuse, with a few short setae; ventral lobe flat, distally with a pair of tufts of long setae.
Female. Body length 24.8 mm; forewing length 32.0 mm, hindwing length 28.9 mm.
Body and forewings in general greenish. Head without dark marking. Forewing with a few tiny dark spots.
Sternum 7 large, posteromedially with a narrow groove. Gonocoxites+gonapophyses 8 fused, broadly subtrapezoid, notched distally, with a pair of digitiform projections and a weak median projection. Gonocoxites 9 nearly semicircular in lateral view, distally with tiny gonostyli 9; a pair of small setose ovoid gonapophyses 9 present posteriad gonocoxites 8 and beneath gonocoxites 9. Ectoprocts nearly semicircular in lateral view.
Rapisma changqingensis sp. n., (A) male genitalia, dorsal view; (B) male genitalia, ventral view; (C) male gonocoxites 11, dorsal view; (D) male gonostyli 11, dorsofrontal view; (E) complex of internal male genital sclerites, ventral view; (F) female genitalia, lateral view; (G) female genitalia, ventral view; (H) female gonocoxites+gonapophyses 8, ventral view. c – callus cercus; e – ectoproct; gx – gonocoxite; gp – gonapophysis; T – tergum; S – sternum. Gonocoxites 9, gonocoxites 11 and gonostyli 11 are respectively highlighted in pale blue, pale green and green in panels C–E. Gonocoxites 9 and gonapophyses 9 are respectively highlighted in pale blue and dark blue in panel G (gonostyli 9 present but barely visible in lateral and ventral view), while gonocoxites 8 and gonapophyses 8 are respectively highlighted in pale yellow and yellow in panels G and H. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.
Holotype male, China, Shaanxi, Yangxian, Changqing National Nature Reserve, Yangjiagou, 1281 m, 33.6390°N 107.4965°E, 18.VII.2017, Bozun Huang & Zhifei Liu (
The new species is named based on the Changqing National Nature Reserve where type specimens of this species were collected.
China (Shaanxi).
The new species appears to be closely related to R. yanhuangi from Sichuan by the similar body and wing coloration as well as the general characteristics of male genitalia, but it can be distinguished from the latter species by the male head medially without dark marking, the male gonostyli 11 with a pair of dorsal lobes not prominent posterolaterally, and the shape of male fused gonocoxites 11. In R. yanhuangi the male head medially possesses several dark markings, the dorsal lobes of male gonostyli 11 are distinctly prominent posterolaterally, and the male fused gonocoxites 11 is differently shaped compared with R. changqingensis sp. n.
The two specimens of this new species were collected by accident in a field survey performed by a summer camp for natural education called “Wings of Nature” in Changqing National Nature Reserve, Shaanxi, China. All collectors of these two specimens are middle school students. The holotype male was found falling in a pond probably from a tree nearby, while the paratype female was found resting on a tree.
The Changqing National Nature Reserve is located at the southern slope of Qinling Mountains, which is commonly considered as a boundary between Palaearctic and Oriental regions in China (
Rapisma yanhuangi Yang, 1993: 147. Type locality: China (Sichuan: Chongqing).
Body and forewings generally greenish in both males and females. Head medially with dark markings on vertex, frons and clypeus. Antenna extremely short, less than 1/5× forewing length. Male gonocoxites 9 paired, glabrous; each with a broad subtrapezoidal lobe and a slender, arcuately curved lateral arm; fused gonocoxites 11 generally arched, anteriorly with a broad, subtrapezoidal incision, posteriorly truncate, laterally acutely tapering in dorsal view; gonostyli 11 having dorsal lobe posterolaterally distinctly prominent, with a few short setae, and flat ventral lobe distally with a tuft of long setae.
Male. Body length 17.2–20.0 mm; forewing length 20.8–25.8 mm, hindwing length 18.4–22.1 mm.
Head nearly semiglobular, largely retracted under prothorax, barely visible in dorsal view. Head generally pale yellowish green; a narrow blackish stripe present around compound eye; a pair of transverse, ovoid, blackish brown markings present on vertex; several small brownish spots present along midline of frons and clypeus. Compound eyes dark brown; EI ratio 0.78. Antenna nearly moniliform, short, 4.7–4.9 mm long, with 23–26 flagellomeres; pale yellowish brown. Mandibles with tips black.
Thorax entirely greenish, meso- and metathorax slightly paler than prothorax, without any distinct markings. Legs pale yellowish brown, slightly darkened on apices of tibiae and all tarsomeres; pretarsal claws reddish brown, proximally slightly produced.
Forewing greenish, with some small grayish spots on distal half and along posterior margin, but these dark markings sometimes completely reduced. Trichosors absent. A proximal nygma present between RP+MA and MP, blackish, sometimes with a distinct black spot. RP with 6–9 pectinate branches. Hindwing much paler than forewing. A proximal nygma present between RP+MA and MP, blackish. RP with 6–7 pectinate branches.
Abdomen yellowish brown, with terga and genitalia greenish. Tergum 9 subtrapezoidal, with sparse short setae. Sternum 9 slightly shorter than tergum 9, about 2.5 times as wide as long, with slightly arcuate posterior margin. Ectoprocts slightly shorter and much narrower than tergum 9, ventrally divided into a pair of ovoid lobes; callus cerci present, slightly prominent. Gonocoxites 9 paired, glabrous; each with a broad subtrapezoidal lobe and a slender, arcuately curved lateral arm. Fused gonocoxites 11 generally arched, anteriorly with a broad, subtrapezoidal incision, posteriorly truncate, laterally acutely tapering in dorsal view. Gonostyli 11 with a pair of dorsal and a pair of ventral lobes; dorsal lobe posterolaterally distinctly prominent, with a few short setae; ventral lobe flat, distally with a tuft of long setae.
Female. Body length 18.0–20.0 mm; forewing length 27.0–27.3 mm, hindwing length 27.0–24.0 mm.
Body and forewings in general greenish. Head slightly darkened on vertex, with or without a dark spot on frons. Forewing without any dark marking.
Sternum 7 large, posteromedially with a narrow groove. Gonocoxites+gonapophyses 8 fused, nearly pentagonal, but divided by an arched transverse suture, notched distally, with a pair of digitiform projections and a weak median projection. Gonocoxites 9 nearly semicircular in lateral view, distally with tiny gonostyli 9; a pair of small setose ovoid gonapophyses 9 present posteriad gonocoxites 8 and beneath gonocoxites 9. Ectoprocts ovoid in lateral view.
Rapisma yanhuangi Yang, (A) male genitalia, dorsal view; (B) male genitalia, ventral view; (C) male gonocoxites 11, dorsal view; (D) male gonostyli 11, dorsofrontal view; (E) complex of internal male genital sclerites, ventral view; (F) female genitalia, lateral view; (G) female genitalia, ventral view; (H) female gonocoxites+gonapophyses 8, ventral view. c – callus cercus; e – ectoproct; gx – gonocoxite; gp – gonapophysis; gst – gonostylus; T – tergum; S – sternum. Gonocoxites 9, gonocoxites 11 and gonostyli 11 are respectively highlighted in pale blue, pale green and green in panels C–E. Gonocoxites 9, gonostyli 9 and gonapophyses 9 are respectively highlighted in pale blue and dark blue in panel G, while gonocoxites 8 and gonapophyses 8 are respectively highlighted in pale yellow and yellow in panels G and H. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.
Holotype female, China, Sichuan, Chongqing [= Chongzhou, ca. 30°37.29'N, 103°40.13'E], 31.V.1954, Hechang Liu (
China (Sichuan).
This species was originally described based on a single female specimen (
The genital segments of Rapisma are much smaller than the pregenital segments that are rather robust and in dried specimens are sometimes inconspicuous and partly retracted in the preceding pregenital segments. Due to the rareness of Rapisma species, very few works deal with the morphology of the genital sclerites of this genus.
Concerning the male gonocoxites 9, they are paired, each with a broad lobe and a slender lateral arm, while the broad lobe is modified into two differently shaped parts, i.e. the posteroventral part, being glabrous or covered with many tiny spines, and the anterodorsal part, being flat and broadly ovoid or subtriangular (Figs
Concerning the female genitalia, it should be first confirmed that the gonostyli 9 are present at the apex of gonocoxites 9 in all female Rapisma specimens herein examined (Fig.
In general, the genital sclerites of Rapisma retain more plesiomorphic features in comparison to other ithonid genera with exceptionally enlarged male ectoprocts, highly specialized female gonocoxites 9, reduced male gonostyli 11, reduced female gonostyli 9, etc. The configuration of male gonocoxites 9 and gonostyli 11 in Rapisma is unique among the genera of Ithonidae and may be attributed to the autapomorphies of this genus.
So far there is no phylogenetic analysis concerning the relationships among Rapisma species. Only in
First, three species distributed along the southern Himalayas, namely R. viridipenne, R. nepalense, and R. almoranum, form a group based on the glabrous male gonocoxites 9 and the short antennae [Rapisma burmanum Navás, 1929 that was originally placed in this group by
Second, R. corundum from eastern Myanmar and R. tamilanum from southern India are considered to form a monophyletic group by the subserrate male antennae and the posteriorly bilobed male gonocoxites 9 (
Most of the other Rapisma species are considered to form a group called the Rapisma malayanum-complex, which are mainly distributed in western Malaysia but also in Java and Myanmar (
This study summarized the present knowledge on the ithonid genus Rapisma from China, currently with five species that respectively belong to two monophyletic species group. The morphology of the genitalia of this genus was also further understood. In addition, the distribution region of Rapisma is now known to reach the border between Palaearctic and Oriental regions.
Rapisma is the only extant genus of Ithonidae from Asia. The phylogenetic status of this genus in Ithonidae, as well as the phylogenetic relationships among species within the genus, is of high interest and significance for understanding the origin and diversification pattern of the genus. A dated phylogeny of Ithonidae and Rapisma as well stand as a key to figure out the above questions, while comprehensive sampling, particularly new materials for molecular works, is required.
I want to express my cordial thanks to Mr. Yinong Ni, Mr. Yuchen Zheng, and Dr. Tingting Zhang who led the 2017 field survey of Wings of Nature in Changqing National Nature Reserve, from which the new species Rapisma changqingensis sp. n. was found by them and their students. I am also much indebted to Mr. Wenxuan Bi, Mr. Ye Liu, and Mr. Changqing Chen for gifting some Rapisma specimens they collected from Yunnan and Xizang, and to Dr. Weibing Zhu and Dr. Haisheng Yin for kindly processing the loan of Rapisma specimens deposited in the Shanghai Entomological Museum. My thanks also go to Mr. Yuchen Zheng, Mr. Wenxuan Bi, and Ms. Di Li for taking some pictures and editing illustrations. The present study was funded by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No. 5162016), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31672322) and the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (No. 2017TC031).