Research Article |
Corresponding author: Yanfeng Tong ( tyf68@hotmail.com ) Corresponding author: Dongju Bian ( biandongju@163.com ) Academic editor: Danilo Harms
© 2024 Chenxue Song, Yanfeng Tong, Dongju Bian, Shuqiang Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Song C, Tong Y, Bian D, Li S (2024) A survey of the genus Orchestina Simon, 1882 (Araneae, Oonopidae) from Xishuangbanna, China, with descriptions of five new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 255-277. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.117968
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Five new species and three known species of the genus Orchestina Simon, 1882 are recorded from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province: O. clavulata Tong & Li, 2011 (♂), O. colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, 2019 (♂♀), O. concava Tong & Li, sp. nov. (♂), O. menglun Tong & Li, sp. nov. (♂), O. subclavulata Tong & Li, sp. nov. (♂), O. truncatula Tong & Li, 2011 (♂♀), O. wengnan Tong & Li, sp. nov. (♂) and O. xui Tong & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀). The males of O. colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, 2019 is described for the first time. An identification key to species of the genus Orchestina from Xishuangbanna is provided.
Asia, goblin spiders, identification key, Orchestininae, taxonomy
Xishuangbanna (Fig.
The genus Orchestina Simon, 1882 is characterized by having an enlarged femur IV with which these species are capable of jumping. The genus is also characterized by having a well-sclerotized sperm duct, six well developed eyes with near H-shaped arrangement, a 4-4-3-3 pattern of raised receptors on the tarsal organs of the legs I–IV, respectively, and by lacking spines on all the legs (
The survey of oonopid spiders from Xishuangbanna has started relatively recently. To date, 20 species in 4 genera (Bannana Tong & Li, 2015, Camptoscaphiella Caporiacco, 1934, Ischnothyreus Simon, 1893 and Opopaea Simon, 1892) have been recorded from Xishuangbanna (
The specimens were examined using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Details of body parts and measurements were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Photos were made with a Canon EOS 750D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Vulvae were cleared in lactic acid. Photos were stacked using Helicon Focus 7.6.1 and processed using Adobe Photoshop 21.1.2. All measurements in the text are given in millimeters. Terminology and taxonomic descriptions follow
All material studied is deposited in Shenyang Normal University (SYNU) in Shenyang, China.
The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures: ALE = anterior lateral eyes; ARe = anterior receptaculum; AUS = anterior uterine sclerite; Ex = dorsolateral extension; Exc = excavations; PLE = posterior lateral eyes; PME = posterior median eyes; Po = pocket; PP = posterior plate; Pr = protrusion; Se = serrula; TO = triangular outgrowth; XNNR = Xishuangbanna National Natural Reserve; XTBG = Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden.
Family Oonopidae Simon, 1890
Schoenobates pavesii Simon, 1873; gender feminine.
N.B.: considered a senior synonym of Ferchestina Saaristo & Marusik, 2004: 52 (type F. storozhenkoi Saaristo & Marusik, 2004) by
O. concava, O. menglun, O. subclavulata and O. wengnan females unknown.
1 | Male | 2 |
– | Female | 9 |
2 | Bulb oval or roughly triangle shaped, embolus base thinner (Figs |
3 |
– | Bulb pear-shaped in lateral view, with ventral side strongly protruding proximally, embolus base thicker (e.g., Fig. |
4 |
3 | Bulb oval shaped (Fig. |
O. truncatula Tong & Li, 2011 |
– | Bulb triangle shaped (Fig. |
O. colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, 2019 |
4 | Palpal tibia distinctly narrower than bulb (Fig. |
O. menglun sp. nov. |
– | Palpal tibia strongly enlarged, at least as wide as bulb (e.g., Fig. |
5 |
5 | Sperm duct with 2 loops in prolateral view (Figs |
6 |
– | Sperm duct with 3 loops in prolateral view (Figs |
7 |
6 | Endites with deep excavations (Figs |
O. concava sp. nov. |
– | Endites without deep excavations (Figs |
O. wengnan sp. nov. |
7 | Embolus with conspicuous dorsal flattened extension and acute tip (Fig. |
O. xui sp. nov. |
– | Embolus gradually tapered (Figs |
8 |
8 | Endites with large triangular outgrowth (Fig. |
O. subclavulata sp. nov. |
– | Endites lacking triangular outgrowth (Fig. |
O. clavulata Tong & Li, 2011 |
9 | Genitalia with posterior plate (PP); anterior uterine sclerite (AUS) with lateral protrusion (Pr) well developed (Fig. |
10 |
– | Genitalia with two dorsolateral extensions (Ex) surrounding anterior uterine sclerite (AUS); AUS with lateral protrusion (Pr) reduced (Figs |
11 |
10 | Epigaster with two small, dark sclerotized pockets (Fig. |
O. xui sp. nov. |
– | Epigaster without two small, dark sclerotized pockets ( |
O. clavulata Tong & Li, 2011 |
11 | Epigaster with distinctly medial marks in ventral view (Fig. |
O. truncatula Tong & Li, 2011 |
– | Epigaster without distinctly medial marks in ventral view (Fig. |
O. colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, 2019 |
Orchestina clavulata
Tong & Li, 2011: 38, figs 1C–D, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5D, 7A–F;
1♂ (SYNU-777), China, Yunnan, Mengla Co., Menglun Town, XNNR, fogging, seasonal rainforest, 48 km (21°58.764'N, 101°09.748'E), elev. 1038 m, 10 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg.; 2♂ (SYNU-778), fogging, Lvshilin, limestone monsoon rainforest (21°54.769'N, 101°16.959'E), elev. 599 m, 9 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg.; 2♂ (SYNU-890), fogging, mountaintop secondary rainforest, 55 Km (21°57.987'N, 101°12.167'E), elev. 1038 m, 10 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg.
Paratypes : 6♂3♀ (IZCAS Ar 19334), China: Hainan, Lingshui, Diaoluoshan, Plank roadside, 963 m a.s.l., 18°43.631'N, 109°51.939'E, 7 August 2010, leg. G. Zheng.
This species is most similar to O. thoracica Xu, 1987 in having the net-shaped pattern on carapace and the pear-shaped bulb, but can be distinguished by the sperm duct with three loops in prolateral view (Fig.
See
China (Hainan, Yunnan).
Orchestina colubrina
Liu, Henrard & Xu, in
1♂ (SYNU-841), China, Yunnan, Mengla Co., Menglun Town, XTBG, trunk traps, Paramichella baillonii plantation (21°54.772'N,101°16.043'E), elev. 556 m, 16–31 May 2007, Zheng leg.; 1♂1♀ (SYNU-845-846), same data as above; 3♀ (SYNU-847-849), same data as above; 1♂ (SYNU-843), XTBG, Fogging, same locality as above, 18 July 2007, Zheng leg.; 1♂ (SYNU-842), XTBG, fogging, rubber plantation (21°54.463'N,101°15.978'E), elev. 569 m, 21 July 2007, Zheng leg.; 1♂ (SYNU-844), XTBG, trunk traps, rubber plantation (21°55.551'N, 101°16.923'E), elev. 561 m, 1–15 June 2007, Zheng leg.
Holotype ♀, China, Jiangxi Province: Ji’an City, Jinggangshan County Level City, Ciping Town, Xingzhou Vill., forest, 26.519°N, 114.193°E, 514m, 3.X.2015, Keke Liu, Zeyuan Meng, Lei Zhang, Jianyun Wen and Tianming Wang leg. (OON 75). Paratype: 1♀, collected together with the holotype (OON 76).
Males of Orchestina colubrina is similar to O. multipunctata Liu, Xiao & Xu, 2016 (female unknown) in having a strongly swollen palpal tibia, the tube-shaped embolus and the same kind of modified setae in the labium, but can be distinguished by the triangle shaped bulb (Fig.
Male (SYNU-841). Total length 1.33, carapace length 0.72, carapace width 0.48, abdomen length 0.63. Habitus as in Fig.
Female (SYNU-846). Same as male except as noted. Body: habitus as in Fig.
Orchestina colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, 2019, female (SYNU-846). A, B. Habitus, dorsal and lateral views; C–F. Prosoma, dorsal, lateral, ventral and anterior views; G. Epigaster, ventral view; H–I. Endogyne, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviations: AUS = anterior uterine sclerite; Ex = dorsolateral extension; Pr = protrusion. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C–G); 0.1 mm (H, I).
China (Jiangxi, Yunnan).
Holotype : ♂ (SYNU-771), China, Yunnan, Jinghong City, Menghai Co., Meng’a Town, Wengnan Vill., sifting leaf litter, secondary forest (22°05.020'N, 100°22.086'E), elev. 1118 m, 24 July 2012, Zhao & Chen leg. Paratypes: 1♂(SYNU-772),same data as for holotype.
The specific name comes from Latin, concavus, meaning hollowed, referring to the excavations of male endites.
The new species is similar to O. clavulata in having the strongly swollen palpal tibia and the pear-shaped bulb, but can be distinguished by the endites with deep excavations (Fig.
Male (holotype). Total length 1.29, carapace length 0.63, carapace width 0.46, abdomen length 0.64. Habitus as in Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality.
Holotype : ♂ (SYNU-775), China, Yunnan, Mengla Co., Menglun Town, XTBG, fogging, Lvshilin, limestone monsoon rainforest (21°54.617'N, 101°16.843'E), elev. 738 m, 8 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg. Paratypes: 7♂ (SYNU-900-906), XTBG, fogging, secondary tropical seasonal moist forest (21°54.607'N, 101°17.005'E), elev. 633 m, 28 July 2007, Zheng leg.
The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.
The new species is similar to O. clavulata in having the pear-shaped bulb and the net-shaped pattern on carapace, but can be distinguished by the palpal tibia distinctly narrower than bulb (Fig.
Male (holotype). Total length 1.18, carapace length 0.61, carapace width 0.42, abdomen length 0.56. Habitus as in Fig.
Orchestina menglun sp. nov., A–D, holotype male; Orchestina colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, 2019, E, F, male (SYNU-841). A, E. Left palp, prolateral view; B, F. Left palp, retrolateral view; C. Left palp, dorsal view; D. Endites and labium, ventral view. Abbreviation: Se = serrula. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Female. Unknown.
China (Yunnan: Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden).
Holotype : ♂ (SYNU-776), China, Yunnan, Mengla Co., Menglun Town, XNNR, fogging, seasonal rainforest, 55 Km (21°57.953'N, 101°12.305'E), elev. 781 m, 13 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg. Paratypes: 5♂ (SYNU-819-823), same data as for holotype.
The specific name refers to the similarities to O. clavulata.
The new species is similar to O. clavulata and O. menglun sp. nov. in having the pear-shaped bulb and the net-shaped pattern on carapace, but can be distinguished by the endites with triangular outgrowth (Figs
Orchestina subclavulata sp. nov., holotype male. A–C. Left palp, prolateral, retrolateral and dorsal views, white arrow shows the overlapped sperm duct, red arrow pointing on subapical crest of embolus; D. Endites and labium, ventral view. Abbreviations: Se = serrula; TO = triangular outgrowth. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Male (holotype). Total length 0.96, carapace length 0.41, carapace width 0.39, abdomen length 0.48. Habitus as in Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality.
Orchestina truncatula Tong & Li, 2011: 39, figs 1E–F, 2C, 3C–D, 4D, 5E, 8A–F; Tong, 2013: 48, figs 26E–F, 27C, 28C–D, 29D, 30E, 66A–F; Rajoria & Jadhao, 2016: 61, figs 1–5.
2♂ (SYNU-773-774), China, Yunnan, Mengla Co., Menglun Town, XTBG, fogging, Lvshilin, limestone monsoon rainforest (21°54.617'N, 101°16.843'E), elev. 738 m, 8 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg.; 1♀ (SYNU-783), sifting leaf litter, Bubang Vill. (21°36.640'N, 101°34.905'E), elev. 823 m, 10 July 2012, Zhao & Chen leg.; 7♂5♀ (SYNU-874), sifting leaf litter, seasonal rainforest (22°09.765'N, 100°52.553'E), elev. 862 m, 22 July 2012, Zhao & Chen leg.
Holotype ♂ (IZCAS Ar 19320), China: Hainan, Baisha, Yinggeling, Yinggezui Protection Station, 693 m a.s.l., 19°03.049'N, 109°33.751'E, 25 August 2010, leg. G. Zheng. Paratypes: 1 ♂, 1♀ (IZCAS Ar 19319), same data as holotype; 2 ♀ (IZCAS Ar 19318), China: Hainan, Ledong, Jianfengling, 997m a.s.l., 18°44.658'N, 108°50.435'E, 18 August 2010, leg. G. Zheng.
This species is similar to O. communis Henrard & Jocqué, 2012 in the large leaf-shaped setae on the diamond-shaped labium and the group of strong, converging setae on distal part of the male chelicerae, but can be distinguished by the small process at base of male chelicerae (Fig.
Orchestina truncatula Tong & Li, 2011, male (SYNU-773). A–C. Habitus, dorsal, ventral and lateral views; D. Left leg I, prolateral view; E–H. Prosoma, dorsal, lateral, anterior and ventral views, arrow shows the characteristic distal setae. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A–C); 0.1 mm (D); 0.2 mm (E–H).
Orchestina truncatula Tong & Li, 2011, male (SYNU-773), female (SYNU-783). A–C. Left palp, prolateral, retrolateral and dorsal views; D. Endites and labium, ventral view; E, F. Endogyne, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviations: AUS = anterior uterine sclerite; Ex = dorsolateral extension; Pr = protrusion. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
See
China (Hainan, Yunnan); India.
Holotype : ♂ (SYNU-767), China, Yunnan, Jinghong City, Menghai Co., Meng’a Town, Wengnan Vill., sifting leaf litter, secondary forest (22°05.020'N, 100°22.086'E), elev. 1118 m, 24 July 2012, Zhao & Chen leg. Paratypes: 1♂ (SYNU-768), sifting leaf litter, Mandazhai Vill., secondary forest (22°01.702'N, 100°23.697'E), elev. 1188 m, 28 July 2012, Zhao & Chen leg.; 1♂ (SYNU-789), sifting leaf litter, Wengnan Vill., secondary forest (22°04.996'N, 100°22.223'E), elev. 1137 m, 25 July 2012, Zhao & Chen leg.
The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.
The new species is similar to O. zhiwui Liu, Xu & Henrard, 2019 in having median projection of clypeus and the net-shaped pattern on carapace, but can be distinguished by the endites with smoothly outer margin (Fig.
Male (holotype). Total length 0.94, carapace length 0.48, carapace width 0.38, abdomen length 0.49. Habitus as in Fig.
Female. Unknown.
China (Yunnan: Menghai County, Meng’a Town).
Holotype : ♂ (SYNU-769), China, Yunnan, Mengla Co., Menglun Town, XNNR, fogging, mountaintop secondary rainforest, 55 Km (21°57.987'N, 101°12.167'E), elev. 842 m, 18 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg. Paratypes: 1♂ (SYNU-770), same data as for holotype; 1♂ (SYNU-811), sifting leaf litter, Xiaolongha Vill., seasonal forest (21°24.330'N, 101°37.022'E), elev. 801 m, 30 June 2012, Zhao & Chen leg.; 1♂2♀ (SYNU-790-792), sifting leaf litter, Xiaolongha Vill., secondary forest (21°24.213'N, 101°37.995'E), elev. 834 m, 3 June 2012, Zhao & Chen leg.; 3♂2♀ (SYNU-805-809), XNNR, fogging, valley rainforest, 55 Km (21°57.883'N, 101°12.147'E), elev. 839 m, 15 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg.
The specific name comes from the family name of Mr Yajun Xu, who worked extensively on the Chinese goblin spiders; noun.
The new species is similar to O. clavulata in having the pear-shaped bulb, the net-shaped pattern on carapace and the large posterior plate, but can be distinguished by the endites with large triangular outgrowth (Figs
Male (holotype). Total length 1.13, carapace length 0.55, carapace width 0.43, abdomen length 0.58. Habitus as in Fig.
Female (SYNU-792). Same as male except as noted. Body: habitus as in Fig.
Orchestina xui sp. nov., paratype female. A. Prosoma, anterior view; B. Epigaster, ventral view; C, D. Endogyne, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviations: ARe = anterior receptaculum; AUS = anterior uterine sclerite; Po = pocket; PP = posterior plate; Pr = protrusion. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A); 0.1 mm (B–D).
The genus Orchestina is perhaps the dominant group in canopies (
The diversity of Orchestina from China is still poorly known.
As to the eight species of Orchestina from Xishuangbanna, O. concava and O. wengnan were collected by sifting leaf litter, O. clavulata, O. menglun and O. subclavulata were collected from forest canopy, O. truncatula and O. xui were collected from leaf litter and forest canopy, and O. colubrina was collected by fogging and trunk trap. At least three Chinese species, i.e., O. colubrina, O. truncatula and O. xui were collected from both leaf litter and forest canopy, suggesting that some species of the genus Orchestina can occupy a wide variety of habitats.
The manuscript benefitted greatly from comments by Arnaud Henrard (Tervuren, Belgium), Yuri M. Marusik (Magadan, Russia), the subject editor Danilo Harms (Hamburg, Germany) and one anonymous referee. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-32370479, 31972867).