Annotated type catalogue of lymnaeid snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in the collection of the Natural History Museum, Berlin

The article deals with examination of the type materials of sixty-one species and variety of lymnaeid snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) housed in molluscan collection of the Natural History Museum Berlin, Germany (ZMB). Each taxon is discussed follow¬ ing the same scheme, including synomymy, information on the type materials, current taxonomic allocation, taxonomic and nomenclatorial remarks.


Introduction
The malacological collection of the Berlin Natural History Museum, Germany (ZMB hereafter) is among the richest molluscan repositories of the World. A brief information on the origin of the collection and its founders and former curators may be found in Glaubrecht and Zorn (2012) that allows me to omit it here. From the nomenclatorial point of view, the most valuable part of ZMB collection is that including the type materials of species described either by ZMB employes and associates (von Martens, Simroth, Thiele) or by scientists from other scientific institutions and / or countries. The systematic description of the type collection and publication of annotated catalogues of the type materials of molluscan species has started in 1960s (Kilias 1961(Kilias , 1967 and is continuing now. In total, more than ten papers devoted to examination of the ZMB type materials have appeared in the last two decades. Most of them deal with terrestrial snails and slugs of various fam¬ ilies (Kohler 2007;Glaubrecht and Zorn 2012;Breure 2013), others are devoted to cephalopods (Glaubrecht and Salcedo-Vargas 2000), freshwater snails (Kohler and Glaubrecht 2006), and brakishwater bivalves (Glaubrecht et al. 2007).
In this article, I present the results of my examina¬ tion of the type series of species belonging to the family Lymnaeidae Rafinesque, 1815 housed in ZMB. This di¬ verse family of aquatic pulmonates includes, according to different authorities, from 40 (Hubendick 1951) to several hundreds (Kruglov 2005) living species, most of which are characterized by substantial variation in shell traits. High phenotypical plasticity demonstrated by lymnaeids is the main cause that systematics of this fam¬ ily has been overloaded by synonyms. Hubendick (1951) listed more than 1000 names of the species group intro¬ duced by malacologists in their attempts to arrange the lymnaeid diversity, and it is by no means the exhaustive list. Though the vast majority of these names have been thrown out to the limbo of synonyms, many of them are still available for nomenclatorial acts. A relatively recent example of the resurrection of a long-forgotten lymnaeid name is Falkner et al. (2002) proposition to replace the species name Radix peregra (O.F. Muller, 1774) with almost ignored one, R. labiatus (Rossmassler, 1835), which was not in use since the middle of the 19 th centu¬ ry. The current advances in molecular taxonomic studies also may create a situation when a long neglected name should be resurrected out of the limbo as being the old¬ est available label for a designation of a certain cryptic species not recognized by earlier, morphology-based, taxonomy. It makes both examination of the type speci¬ mens and publication of their images a challenging busi¬ ness, rather than a sort of activity once thought to be the destiny of old-fashioned museum curators and amateur conchologists.

Material and methods
This study is a part of my recent project devoted to iden¬ tification and publication of the Lymnaeidae types from European repositories. I worked with ZMB collection in April of 2015 searching for type materials of lymnaeid species described by Franz Hermann Troschel, Wilhelm Dunker, Eduard von Martens, Frank C. Baker and other, less prominent, malacologists of the 19 th -first half of the 20 th century. Some of these type series were iden¬ tified earlier by Kilias (1961Kilias ( , 1967, who listed them and published illustrations of type specimens of a few of these species. However, the closer examination has shown Kilias overlooked nearly 30 type series kept in ZMB. In two his papers, the type materials of 31 lym¬ naeid taxa of species and below species rank were char¬ acterized, whereas in 2015 I managed to identify and examine as many as sixty one type series represented by dried shells exclusively. All these sixty one type series are presented below with images of syntypes (or lectotypes), shell dimensions, brief synonymies and various remarks concerning taxonomy, nomenclature and dis¬ tribution of the taxa. The taxa accounts are arranged in the alphabetic order. The generic and suprageneric tax¬ onomy used here follows my previously published sys¬ tem (Vinarski 2013). The structure of the article as well as the taxa accounts is based on the recently published catalogues of ZMB collection. As the nearest example to mimic I chose Kohler's (2007) article. The scheme of measurements of a turbospiral shell corresponds to shemes used in recent taxonomic monographs (Gloer 2002;Kruglov 2005).
Abbreviations of shell dimensions are as follows. SHshell height, SW -shell width, SpH -spire height, BWH -body whorl height, AH -aperture height, AW -aper¬ ture width, WN -whorls number. All dimensions in the taxa accounts are given in millimeters.  : 604, pi. 24, fig. 10. Limnaea alfredi Dell 1956: 74, figs. 8, 9, 11, 12. Limnaea alfredi Kilias 1967: 337. Lymnaea truncatula Climo and Pullan 1972 Type material. The lectotype is housed in the Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa Tongarewa) under accession number M 125077 (see Dell 1956, fig. 8;Climo and Pul¬ lan 1972, fig. 2 E). ZMB collection possesses two paralectotypes kept under accession number 47038. The larg¬ est of the two is 7,2 mm height. Current taxonomic allocation. Climo and Pullan (1972) considered it to be a synonym of Galba ( Galba ) trunca¬ tula (O.F. Muller, 1774) introduced to New Zealand af¬ ter advent of Europeans, however Dell (1956: 74) noted some slight conchological differences between L. alfredi and G. truncatula and stated that L. alfredi "has had a history in New Zealand that pre-dates European influ¬ ence" and that "it is a truly indigenous form". Hubendick (1951) synonymized L. alfredi with Limnaea tenella Hutton, 1885, but Dell (1956) was able to show that the latter species name was based on juvenile shells of the introduced from Europe Lymnaea stagnalis (L., 1758). amnicola Westerlund, 1890 Type material. It is known that Westerlund often dis¬ tributed parts of the type series of taxa described by him among several European museums , therefore in many cases the syntypes of the same species or variety are kept now in more than one repository. I zse.pensoft.net  Remarks. Hubendick (1951) considered L. auricularia var. coreana as a synonym of R. auricularia, whereas the Russian authors (Bogatov and Zatravkin 1990;Kru¬ glov and Starobogatov 1993;Kantor et al. 2010) accept its validity. Kilias (1967) stated he separated one of the syntypes under the museum number 38440a -to become the lectotype of this taxon. However, I failed to find this specimen in the collection. Currently none of the syn¬ types either is labelled as the syntype or is placed in a separate container with number 38440a. Type material. I could not recognize the syntype(s) of this variety in ZMB collection. However, there are sever¬ al specimens (subadult shells) labelled as L. lagotis var. costulata and collected in Charik-KuT Lake (Uzbekistan, in vicinities of Katta-Kurgan Town) by Fedchenko (see Fig. 11). Martens (1874: 27) discussed shells from this lo¬ cality in his monograph under the name L. lagotis but did not assign them to a certain variety of this species. It is unclear who and when identified shells from Charik-KuP as L. lagotis var. costulata. Another probable syntype from the same island is under No. 109772. The largest of these specimens is 26.1 mm height. The labels bear no information about the nomenclatorial status of the shells, and their identification as probable syntypes may be questioned. The species name on the labels is spelled as " Amphipeplea cumingi " (see Remark below).
Remark. Originally, Pfeiffer (1845)  Type material. Originally, the type series consisted of four specimens (the holotype and three paratypes) housed in the Geological Department of the Stanford University under accession number 5776 (Baker 1934). Later, two of the paratypes were given to ZMB and are kept now under No. 90524. Their label contains an indication that the shells origin "from type lot". The larger of two shells is 12.8 mm height that a little less than size reported by Baker (1934 Remarks. The type series has been overlooked by Kilias (1961Kilias ( , 1967. Hubendick (1951) considered L. obliquata as a junior synonym of R. auricularia , whereas the Rus¬ sian authors (Kruglov and Starobogatov 1993;Kantor et al. 2010) accept its validity.  (32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42-43, 45), 5 mm (33, 34, 37, 44  Type material. ZMB collection contains a single syntype (accession number 59228), its shell height is 13.4 mm. Hubendick (1951, pi. IV, fig. 12) illustrated the "type" (? syntype) of this species (BMNH collection).
Type locality. East China, "near Chefoo, Shantung" (= Shandong Province). Type material. There are 14 shells of this variety col¬ lected from the type locality in ZMB (No. 8135). The largest syntype is 28.7 mm height. Kilias (1961) reported that he intended one of these shells to be the lectotype of Limnaeus javanicus var. porrecta and separated it under accession number 8135a, however I was not able to find this specimen in ZMB collection.   Type material. 11 shells from the type locality in three samples: no. 4613 and two without numbers. One of these shells (see fig. 45) is separated and marked as belonging to the type collection (a syntype). The rest of specimens are not formally labeled as syntypes but probably also or¬ igin from the type series. Remarks. Not discussed by Kilias (1961Kilias ( , 1967. Hubendick (1951) considered it to be a synonym of Stagnicola palnstris that is apparently wrong since the latter species does not live in North America (Burch 1989;Johnson et al. 2013). Baker (1911)  velutinoules Bergh, 1901Fig. 50 Bullastra velutinoides Bergh 1901: 254, pi. 20, figs 22-34. Lynmaea cumingiana Hubendick 1951 fig. 355. Type material. The only shell (syntype) is kept in ZMB under accession number 22485. Its apex is corroded; shell height is 18.6 mm. Bergh (1901) reported there was two syntypes of this species in the Berlin Museum.
zse.pensoft.net gested it may be a marine species. According to Kilias (1967), the syntype was collected in Manila by Salmin.
whartoni Jones & Preston, 1904 Fig. 51 Limnaea ( Gulnaria ) whartoni Jones andPreston 1904: 142, fig. 1. Lymnaea whartoni Hubendick 1951: 72, fig. 152;pi. IV, fig. 14. Limnaea whartoni Kilias 1961: 165. Type material. ZMB collection contains a single syntype (accession number 59226), its shell height is 16.3 mm. Hubendick (1951, pi. IV, fig. 14 Hubendick 1951), and their original descriptions remain unknown to me. Possibly, most of these "types" belong to the so-called "manuscript names" never published formally by their authors as it was not rare in the 19 th century. Kilias (1967) listed three such doubtful names but closer examination of ZMB col¬ lection revealed as many as 12 lymnaeid species and va¬ rieties of unclear status. These are characterized below. Remark. I could not find the original description of this species in Preston's works devoted to new taxa of Afri¬ can land and freshwater mollusks (Preston 1910a(Preston , b, 1911(Preston , 1912(Preston , 1913. Preston introduced several tens of species names, including those with the species epithet " elgon¬ ensis " (for instance, Ledoulxia elgonensis Preston, 1914, family Urocyclidae Simroth, 1899, however among lym¬ naeid taxa described by him the species name Lymnaea (or Limnaea) elgonensis is absent. Both Hubendick (1951) and Brown (1994), in their comprehensive works dealing with the African Lymnaeidae, do not mention such a spe¬ cies. I am not sure Preston ever described it formally. Remark. Like other species names attributed to Dunker and listed in this supplement, L. pfeifferiana seems to be a member of the group of so-called "manuscript names", whose original descriptions have been not found in the literature. Remark. See remark to Amphipeplea pfeifferiana above.