Phylogeographic reconstruction and distribution of major clades of the Duttaphrynus melanostictus complex across the species range based on 16S rRNA (A) and tRNAGly–ND3 (B) sequences available in GenBank and from own data (see Suppl. material 1: Table S1). The clade colors follow those of Fig. 1, clade terminology is derived from Bisht et al. (2021; 16S rRNA), and Vences et al. (2017; tRNAGly–ND3). The pictured individual represents the population of Duttaphrynus bengalensis comb. nov. (Daudin, 1802) from Datta, Mansehra, Pakistan. Coloration reflect the main mtDNA clades according to Fig. 1. Distribution records (white circles) have been downloaded from GBIF (gbif.org). The red line (panel A) depicts the area considered as “Bengal”, the type locality of Bufo bengalensis.