Clasper; external morphology. A, Scyliorhinus boa, USNM 221563, 348 mm TL; B, Scyliorhinus canicula, BMNH 1983.8.3.1–4, 585.7 mm TL; C, Scyliorhinus duhamelii, MCZ S-63, 338.7 mm TL; D, Scyliorhinus retifer, UF 36359, 372 mm TL; E, Scyliorhinus stellaris, BMNH 1976.7.30.10, 476 mm TL; F, Scyliorhinus torazame, NSMT 50632, 427.9 mm TL. ch, clasper hooks; crh, cover rhipidion; dd, dermal denticles; en, envelope; erh, exorhipidion; hp, hypopyle; rh, rhipidion; tdc, terminal dermal cover. Modified from Soares and de Carvalho (2019).