Distribution and reproductive strategy of “Thiara” aspera (Lesson, 1831). Stars: type localities of a) Melania aspera Lesson, 1831, Monokwari, New Guinea, b) Melania rudis Lea & Lea, 1851, Amboyna and c) Melania microstoma Lea & Lea, 1851, mountain streams, isle of Negros, Philippines. Pie charts show the percentages of offspring in the brood pouch of female T. aspera in different size classes as defined in Glaubrecht et al. (2009), see inset. The numbers near the pie charts refer to the number of individuals examined per population. Filled circles: material preserved in ethanol; open circles: dry shells.