Annotated catalogue of the types of Triphoridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in the Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom, London

We revise the type specimens of 132 nominal species of worldwide Triphoridae stored in the Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK), London. We provide the species name in its original combination, followed by bibliographic details of the original description, the location of the known type material, the original description (and its translation when in Latin), a diagnosis and curatorial or nomenclatural notes. We illustrated most specimens in the type series in colour and with SEM imaging and we have added the original figure whenever possible. The specimens of Triphoris alveolatus, T. granulatus, T. suturalis and T. verrucosus, all A. Adams & Reeve, 1850, T. pfeifferi Crosse & Fischer, 1865 and T. cucullatus de Folin, 1867, previously considered type material, are not considered here belonging to the type series. Adams & Reeve’s taxa should be considered nomina dubia. The name Triphora insularum is a manuscript name by H.E.J. Biggs who deposited “types” in the NHMUK but refrained from introducing the name due to the lack of apex of the studied material. We selected lectotypes for six species (T. concors Hinds, 1843, T. maxillaris Hinds, 1843, T. fuscomaculata E.A. Smith, 1904, T. shepstonensis E.A. Smith, 1906, T. eupunctata G.B. Sowerby III, 1907, and T. rufula Watson, 1886) to stabilize the nomenclature. Finally, we illustrate original specimens (although not types) of three species described by Turton, whose type material is lost.


Introduction
Triphoridae is one of the mega-diverse families of marine gastropods (Bouchet et al. 2002). In a single season in Vanuatu, an expedition organized by the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, collected 259 species and 70% of them were estimated to be new to science (Albano et al. 2011). The study of the material collected during other MNHN expeditions and smaller collections from other sources in the Indo-Pacific province has led to the segregation of ca 670 morphospecies (P.G. Albano and P.A.J. Bakker, unpublished). At the same time, we censused approximately 450 names of Indo-Pacific triphorids which, however, show high redundancy and are strongly biased towards the most characterised species due to colour or other morphological features. Moreover, the family Triphoridae has already shown to host a wealth of cryptic diversity: in the Mediterranean Sea, a single name (Triphora perversa) had been used for two centuries before Philippe Bouchet started recognizing what is now known as more than 15 species (Bouchet and Guillemot 1978;Bouchet 1985). Consequently, we felt it mandatory to review thoroughly the type specimens of the already described species to polish taxa redundancy and fix the actual meaning of the introduced names, sometimes not or poorly illustrated. This endeavour started with the revision of the triphorid types in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin (Albano and Bakker 2016) and in the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna (Albano et al. 2017) and finds here a major step forward revising 132 species preserved in the Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom, London. Our final aim is to set the scene for major taxonomic work on the hundreds of species in the Indo-Pacific province which still await formal description.

Methods
We first compiled a list of type specimens expected at the Natural History Museum based on explicit statements in the original publications. When this information was not available, we looked for the known repositories of authors' collections or information on type material or collection fate in biographic papers. PGA surveyed the collection of recognized types of Triphoridae at the NHMUK in October and December 2015. The general collection had been previously searched by BS during a visit conducted between 7 and 25 February 2000 specifically targeting Indo-Pacific taxa. The present catalogue was updated on December 31 st , 2015 and includes all triphorid types encountered in the NHMUK, irrespective of their geographic origin.
The depth of treatment in this work depends on the age of the taxon (a proxy for the accuracy of descriptions and figures) and the amount of type material stored in the Museum or supposed to exist in other institutions. The species described before World War II and whose type material is stored exclusively in NHMUK are treated here in full detail. We give the species name in its original combination, followed by bibliographic details of the original description, the location of the known type material, the original description (and its translation when in Latin) and curatorial or nomenclatural notes. In some cases, the type series contains specimens clearly belonging to different species. Thus, we selected lectotypes to stabilize the nomenclature prioritizing specimens that were illustrated in the original description. Lectotype designation follows the provisions of Article 74 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4 th Edition. We also provide a diagnosis, focusing on the most significant diagnostic characters as discussed by Marshall (1983) and Albano et al. (2011). We followed a similar approach for old material whose other syntypes have not been located so far or are presumably lost (e.g. Turton). We illustrated most specimens in the type series in colour and with SEM imaging; whenever possible we have added the original figure.
A briefer treatment has been devoted to the species whose type material is known to be stored also in other institutions (e.g. Melvill, Tomlin, Verco). We list the available type material but refrained from selecting any lectotypes even if necessary because material that is more suitable may exist elsewhere. We provide comments where appropriate and fully illustrate the shells.
Any citation to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999) should be considered to its online version, which includes all recent amendments. Although it is already evident that a high degree of synonymy exists among Triphoridae, we refrain here from fully dealing with it, awaiting the study of type material in other museums to provide a single comprehensive work in this respect.
Colour photographs were taken with a Canon EOS 700D with Canon MP-E 65 mm macro lens mounted on a stand, with aperture 5.6, 100 ISO and slightly underexposed (−2/3). Images were taken at different focus levels and stacked with Helicon Focus 5.3. SEM images were taken with a Zeiss LEO 1455 VP without any coating. To avoid damage to specimens, they were not cleaned before imaging. All specimens were measured with a calliper.
Species are listed in the systematic part in alphabetic order by author name. A taxon list in alphabetical order is provided in Table 1. Table 1. List of treated taxa in alphabetic order, with original name, author and date and page and figure in this paper.  Rolán & Fernández-Garcés, 1994 255 apicibulbus, Triphora Turton, 1932 285 102 armillata, Triphora Verco, 1909 287 105 aspera, Triforis Jeffreys, 1885 211 Systematic list of taxa

Species described by A. Adams
Arthur Adams described ten species attributed to Triphoridae. He described nine species on the material of the Cuming collection (A. Adams 1854) which is stored in the NHMUK (Dance 1966). We found the type material of all of them. Although the nineteenth volume of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London reports 1851 on the frontispiece, its actual date of publication is 1854 (Sclater 1893). One of the nine species, Triphoris vestalis A. Adams, 1854, is a Cerithiopsidae (Rolán and Fernández-Garcés 2008). The tenth species, Triforis macandraeae A. Adams, 1856 is a Newtoniellidae and is not discussed further. In the NHMUK, two worn specimens are present and labelled as "possible type material" but do not bear original labels. Two nicely preserved specimens of T. macandraeae with original labels are in the R. MacAndrew collection in the Museum of Zoology of the University of Cambridge (catalogue number I.100200, Fig. 1).   Translation of the Latin text. Elongate-pyramidal shell, ash-gray; sixteen to eighteen whorls with three spiral cords whose intermediate is smaller, interstices among carinas strongly axially striated.

Triphoris albidus A. Adams, 1854
Diagnosis. Syntypes ranging in size from 9.6 to 14.4 mm. A slender conical shell with flat sides. Teleoconch of 15-20 whorls, with two strong smooth spiral cords and a weakly granulated third in between, which appears as a fine thread in the early teleoconch. Fine threads are visible between the cords. No complete peristome is present among the studied material, but the specimen from the H. Adams collection shows additional smooth spiral cords (Fig. 3K). Siphonal canal well developed. The base bears one strong weakly granulated additional spiral cord, followed by a weak thread. Another weak thread runs from the columella on the siphonal canal. The protoconch is present in a single paratype (Fig. 3J); it is poorly preserved but clearly multispiral, possibly with two spiral keels on the lower whorls. Spiral cords greyish, with brown interspaces, protoconch and base.
A small prettily-marked species, with two rows of granules on each whorl, and the interstices deeply punctured.

Translation of the Latin text.
Pyramidal shell with a flat dark base, whitish with dark interrupted spiral bands; flat whorls with two rows of granules; interstices deeply punctured. Diagnosis. Lectotype and paralectotype 3.2 mm and 4.4 mm high, respectively, but both specimens are subadults without a fully developed last whorl. Shell conical with flat sides. Type specimens of eight whorls, an underestimate due to their subadult stage. Each whorl bears two main spiral cords with well-defined tubercles; from the sixth whorl, a fine cord runs between them. Orthocline axial ribs are present and strong. The peristome, the sinuses, the siphonal canal and the base are missing in both type specimens. The lectotype bears the last whorl and half of the protoconch which is clearly multispiral, adorned by two spiral keels and brownish in colour. The teleoconch has a white background. Beginning on the third whorl, brown blotches are present on the first spiral cord.
Remarks. In the same box, a third vial is present with a small worn specimen which is not this species, as already noted by Peter Dance in a handwritten annotation in 1965. The lectotype inventory number 16559 in Marshall (1983) is a mistyping.   Type material. Lectotype: NHMUK 196569, designated by Marshall (1983) (coll. H. Cuming). Paralectotypes: NHMUK 196570/1-2: 2 specimens, Sydney, Australia (coll. H. Cuming).

Mus. Cuming.
A small, nearly black shell, with the outer lip dirty white or pale fuscous.
Translation of the Latin text. Subulate-pyramidal shell, nearly black, swollen in the middle, obtuse apex; ten whorls nearly flat with three granulated carinas, suture concave; reflexed, swollen, whitish lip; short anterior slightly bent siphon.
Diagnosis. Lectotype 4 mm high. Cyrtoconoid profile with flat sides. Teleoconch of nine whorls, with three spiral cords; the second cord appears on the third whorl between the other two and is initially faint but becomes as strong as the others on the penultimate whorl. Axial sculpture between the cords weak. Paralectotype A has a complete peristome (Fig. 5J) showing no posterior sinus and additional spiral cords. The base has three weakly sculptured cords. The protoconch is paucispiral, of one whorl and a poorly distinct transition to teleoconch; the protoconchs in the type series are worn, but the lectotype one apparently bears several fine spiral threads. Shell brown, with the tubercles of the first spiral row lighter or grey.
Remarks. The protoconch of the specimen illustrated by Marshall (1983: fig. 32C) has two whorls which bear two strong keels, while the lectotype has a single whorl and fine threads are clearly visible above the suture (Fig. 5F).  Type material. Lectotype: NHMUK 196557, designated by Marshall (1983)  A black-brown species, with three rows of regular, equal sized granules on each whorl.

Translation of the Latin text.
Pyramidal shell, dark brown; flat whorls with three rows of equal sized dense granules, whorls with impressed sutures, convex base.
Diagnosis. Lectotype 6.7 mm high. Shell conical with rather flat whorls. Teleoconch of ten whorls, with three strong spiral cords forming nodules at the intersection with the orthocline axial ribs. Such cords are visible starting on the first whorl. A suprasutural smooth cord is visible in the lower half of the shell. Axial riblets are visible between main ribs on the last whorls. No type specimen bears a complete peristome to allow observation. Siphonal canal short; base with two smooth spiral cords. Paucispiral protoconch of two whorls, bearing two strong spiral keels and equally strong spaced axial ribs. Background teleoconch colour brown, with lighter to pearly grey tubercles. Protoconch brown.  Original description. T. testâ subulato-pyramidali, in medio tumidâ fuscâ, serie moniliformi albo ornatâ; anfractibus convexiusculis, triseriatim granulosocarinatis; granorum serie inferiore prominulâ, superiore multo minore; aperturâ rotundatâ, constrictâ; canali brevi, recurvo.

Triphoris pulchellus A. Adams, 1854
Hab. -? Mus. Cuming. A handsome brown species with a white series of bead-like granules at the lower part of each whorl.
Translation of the Latin text. Subulate-pyramidal shell, tumid in the middle, brown with a white series of bead-like granules; whorls a little convex, with three rows of granulated carinas; granules of the lower row prominent, those of the upper much less prominent; aperture rounded, contracted, anterior siphonal canal short, bent.
Diagnosis. Syntype 5.8 mm high. Shell conical with flat whorls. Teleoconch of 12 whorls, with three spiral cords forming nodules at the intersection with slightly prosocline axial ribs. The second spiral cord appears at mid-shell height and is very narrow. Between major spiral cords, numerous fine threads are visible. A narrow, smooth, suprasutural cord is visible. Peristome not fully grown on the holotype, but bears at least an additional spiral cord between the second and the third. Siphonal canal short. The base bears two additional smooth spiral cords. Protoconch not present in the holotype, but remains of its last whorl suggest a multispiral protoconch. Teleoconch brown, first teleoconch whorl and spiral cord whitish.
Hab. Port Lincoln. Mus. Cuming. A semipellucid, white and brown species, with the middle row of nodules very prominent.
Translation of the Latin text. Subulate-pyramidal shell, light-coloured, near transparent, reddish sutures; whorls a little convex, with three nodulose spiral cords whose moniliform median is larger, brown interspaces among nodules, the last whorl with brown base; open anterior short siphonal canal.
Diagnosis. Lectotype 4.9 mm high. Shell conical, with flat sides. Teleoconch of 12 whorls with three spiral cords with strong nodules at the intersection with prosocline axial ribs. The second cord appears at mid shell height and is very narrow. The third cord is more prominent than the others and gives the shell a distinct profile. A smooth suprasutural cord is visible, as fine axial threads between the main ribs. Peristome with a shallow posterior sinus and no additional spiral cords. Siphonal canal short. The base has one additional smooth cord. Multispiral protoconch of three whorls; the first with numerous fine granules, whereas the following two are smooth with the exception of a series of elongated supra-and subsutural granules. Teleoconch and protoconch hyaline, with brown base.  Crosse & Fischer, 1865 should be considered a junior synonym (see p. 180) as already suggested by Marshall (1983).  Original description. T. testâ subulato-pyramidali, in medio tumidâ, albâ, maculis triangularibus rufo-fuscis variegatâ; anfractibus planulatis, triseriatim granulates, granis aequalibus, interstitiis punctatis, suturis impressis; canali brevi, apertâ.
Translation of the Latin text. Subulate-pyramidal shell, swollen in the middle, white, variegated with triangular dark red spots; flat-sided whorls, three series of equalsized granules, punctate interstices, impressed sutures; open anterior short siphonal canal Diagnosis. Syntype height ranging from 5.9 to 7.9 mm. Shell conical with flat sides. Teleoconch of 12 whorls with three equally strong spiral cords which bear tubercles at the intersection with slightly prosocline axial ribs. The second cord starts at the fifth whorl in the lectotype and is initially narrow. Numerous fine spiral threads are present between the main cords. The peristome bears an initial additional spiral cord between the second and the third, very faint. Siphonal canal short. The base bears three additional granulated cords. Protonch absent in the type series. Teleoconch white with large brown blotches, base brown.

Species described by A. Adams and L.E. Reeve
Arthur Adams and Lovell Reeve (1850) described eight species of Triphoridae based on the material acquired during the voyage of the ship "Samarang". The relevant results were published between 1848 and 1850, but the pages on Triphoridae were published in 1850 (Sherborn 1922;Trew 1992). A ninth species, Triphoris dextroversus, is a Cerithiopsidae because of its dextral coiling and sculpture and is indeed the type species of the genus Seila A. Adams, 1861. Edward Belcher was the commander of the "Samarang" and his collection was auctioned in 1877 (Tomlin 1941). The Reverend Lombe-Taylor and Hugh Cuming were among the buyers and both collections eventually ended up in the NHMUK. In its type collection, we found material of T. alveolatus, T. granulatus, T. suturalis, and T. verrucosus, although we have serious doubts that any of these specimens are syntypes. No specimens of T. gemmulatus, T. nodiferus, T. pyramidalis, and T. speciosus were found in the type collection; the general collection should be further inspected in this respect.
A note of caution must be added for the type localities. The term "China Sea" has been proved to be inaccurate in multiple cases (Carpenter 1857;Strong 1947, 1950;Petit 2007;Herbert 2013) and should be treated with caution for the triphorids as well.
Type material. Not found, see remarks.
Hab. China Sea. The whorls of this species are flattened and deeply latticed throughout. The aperture is incomplete.

Translation of the Latin text.
Triphorid with an elongated-pyramidal shell of 20 to 24 plain whorls, three latticed spiral rows; brown in colour.
Hab. China Sea Remarks. The two specimens preserved in the NHMUK (196515 and 196516) and belonging to the Cuming collection cannot be considered syntypes. The original description, as well as the original figure (Fig. 10G), describe a specimen with an incomplete aperture, in contrast to the specimen illustrated in Figure 10A-C. Moreover, the original description refers to a shell with 20 whorls, while both specimens found have 9-12 teleoconch whorls; specimen in Figure 10D has also a large paucispiral protoconch in contrast to the elongated and pointed profile of the original figure which suggests a multispiral protoconch. At present, T. alveolatus should be considered a nomen dubium.

Figure 11
Triphoris granulatus Adams and Reeve 1850: 46, pl. 11, fig. 33a, b. Type locality. "China Sea".   Distinguished by its short, cylindrical form, and by the precise arrangement of the granules with which it is sculptured.

Translation of the Latin text.
A turreted subcylindrical triphorid with twelve to fourteen triseriated whorls with regular granules and subimpressed sutures; dirty white.
Hab. China Sea Remarks. We found one specimen from the Cuming collection (NHMUK 1878.1.28.422). Its label specifies that it comes from the collection of H. Adams. This specimen has slightly fewer whorls (11) than stated in the original description (12-14), but has the fourth to sixth spiral cords (clearly visible on the base) completely smooth, while the original figure (Adams and Reeve 1850: pl. 11, fig. 33b) clearly shows that cord four and five bear well-defined granules. Therefore, we doubt that this specimen belongs to the type series and suggest that T. granulatus should be considered a nomen dubium.
Type material. Not found, see remarks.
The aperture of this delicately grain-keeled species, which is characterized by its hollow sutures, is incomplete.
Translation of the Latin text. Turreted triphorid with twelve to thirteen triseriated whorls well developed with carinated granules, and concave-impressed smooth sutures; clear-white.
Hab. China Sea Remarks. The specimen preserved in the type collection of NHMUK (196513) has 10 whorls instead of the 12 to 13 stated in the original description. Adams and Reeve also highlighted that the studied specimen had an incomplete aperture and particularly hollow sutures. The specimen in NHMUK has an incomplete peristome and impressed sutures, although not unusually hollow for many triphorids. We refrain from considering these specimens as syntypes until further evidence is available. At present, T. suturalis should be considered a nomen dubium.
Hab. China Sea Remarks. One specimen was found in the type collection of the NHMUK (1878.1.28.483) but we doubt it is a syntype. The original description states that the species has 18 to 20 whorls, while the specimen found has only eight. The original figure shows a slender shell with several whorls, but little more can be inferred because it is poorly detailed. At present, T. verrucosus should be considered a nomen dubium.
Remarks. Biggs (1973) described and illustrated this species in his work on the Trucial Coast (Persian (Arabian) Gulf) but refrained from naming it because it lacked the apex. We agree that the presence of a complete apex is fundamental for the institution of any triphorid new species due to the important characters it bears as acknowledged by several authors (e.g. Barnard 1963;Marshall 1983;Bouchet and Strong 2010). We thus refrain from redescribing it because we have not been able to locate new suitable material. From the remnants of apexes on the examined material, the species likely bears a multispiral protoconch.
In the NHMUK collection, the specimens studied by Biggs have been located with the manuscript name insularum. They are labelled as "holotype" and "paratypes" although, pending a formal introduction of the name, these specimens are not name-bearing types. The label bears the locality "Trucial Oman Coast" and 1962 as collecting year. At the time, the United Arab Emirates had not been founded yet and the coastal emirates were known as Trucial States, a British Protectorate since 1819.

Species described by J. Crosse and P. Fischer
While J. Crosse and P. Fischer's type material is supposed to be preserved in the collections of the Journal de Conchyliologie at the MNHN (Dance 1966), the types of Triphoris angasi and T. pfeifferi were not found in Paris (Marshall 1983, V. Héros, pers. comm. July 2014. Specimens labelled as types of these two species were found in the NHMUK, likely bequeathed by G.F. Angas among 240 types and 1500 shells . Indeed, the two species were described on Angas' material.

Figure 15
Triphoris angasi Crosse and Fischer 1865: 46, pl Translation of the Latin text. Sinistral imperforated shell, turreted-conical, subelongated, rather slender, brown; sharp apex; linear suture more or less inconspicuous; 15 rather flat whorls, three light embryonic, subsequent with three spiral rows of granules (smaller intermediate), four on the last with a white spiral band, base violet-brown; subsquared, pyriform slanting aperture with brown lines inside, arched columellar edge, bending external lip ascending like a strip near the columella; short, tubular anterior siphon. Length 7 mm, major diameter 1 7/19 mm.
Teleoconch of 11 whorls, with three spiral cords with tubercles at the intersection with opisthocline axial ribs. The second cord appears on the fifth whorl as a fine thread and becomes fully grown at mid-shell height. A fourth poorly sculptured cord is sometimes visible suprasuturally. Fine growth striae are visible, especially in the interspaces of cords and ribs. The peristome has a shallow posterior sinus and no additional cords. The siphonal canal is short. The base has two additional almost smooth spiral cords. The protoconch is multispiral, but the upper whorls are missing in the lectotype, impeding the quantification of the number of whorls. The lower three whorls have two spiral keels and axial riblets. Teleoconch brown with lighter tubercles, fourth spiral cord on the last whorl white, base deep brown, apex likely white (although worn in the lectotype).
Remarks. This specimen may not be the one on which Crosse and Fischer based their original description, because it is smaller in size (5.9 vs 7 mm) and with fewer whorls (11 vs 15). However, it matches very well the original description and figure; the label ( Fig. 15L) specifies that this is a "type", from the type locality and collected by G.F. Angas (Crosse and Fischer specified that the new species was based on Angas' material). Therefore, we consider this specimen as belonging to the type series.

Figure 16
Triphoris pfeifferi Crosse and Fischer 1865: 47, pl    Translation of the Latin text. Sinistral imperforated shell, turreted, elongated, rather slender, subtranslucent, whitish with regular brown spots; sharp apex; 18 very slowly growing whorls, three light embryonic, others with three very elegant spiral rows of pearls (regular, glossy, hyaline-milky pearls), the intermediate shrunk, rather inconspicuous, much more developed basally, slightly protruding, and, under the basal row a quite protruding dark white spotted cord; short last whorl, rather slender base, dark violet; subovate slanting aperture, subarched columellar edge, simple external lip; anterior siphon short. -Length 8, major diameter 1½ mm.
Remarks. The specimen found and labelled as "type" is remarkably different from the specimen figured by Crosse and Fischer and must not be considered as belonging to the type series. On the basis of the original description and figure, T. pfeifferi should be considered a junior synonym of Triphoris scitulus A. Adams, 1854 (see p. 172) as already suggested by Marshall (1983).

Species described by L. de Folin
Léopold de Folin (1867) described 58 new species of molluscs in his work on the pearly oysters of Western Panama. Kisch (1960) reported the location of type specimens and highlighted that the type of de Folin's only triphorid, Triphoris cucullatus, could not be located. Indeed, we show below that the specimens present in NHMUK and labelled as syntypes are not this species. Translation of the Latin text. Swollen-elongated shell, sharp apex, white, dark marbled; seventeen whorls with a plain suture; earliest with two spiral rows of granules; subsequent with three unequal rows; last with five or six series of granules, as large as ¼ of the shell; subcircular aperture ending in a short, slanting, closed canal.

Remarks.
The lot NHMUK 1984153 contains two labels stating "De Folin's syntype in coll. Sykes" signed by A. Blake and "Triphora cucullata Folin, Panama (Folin coll.)". However, the specimen is very different from what was described by de Folin and from the original figure (Fig. 17G). T. cucullatus is described as having 17 whorls while the shell found has seven whorls (although a few may be lacking because the apex is incomplete). In addition, the pointed profile is missing, and the original figure shows a colour pattern with a dark first spiral cord on a white background which is the opposite of the one of the shells. Therefore, we do not consider this specimen belonging to the type series.

Species described by R.B. Hinds
Richard B. Hinds described 31 species of Triphoridae from the collections Cuming (Hinds 1843a), Belcher, Gray, and Metcalfe (Hinds 1843b). Those described from the latter (T. aemulans, affinis, candidus, coelebs, concinnus, hilaris and metcalfei) were dispersed at auction in the 19 th century and the material is not in NHMUK (K. Way, pers. comm.). The type of T. marmoratus was also not found. A lot, which apparently was related to this species (NHMUK 20170299) because it came from the "West Indies" and was stored in the Gray collection, is unlikely to belong to T. marmoratus because shells are completely white, while Hinds (1843b) described them as brown with white flammulae (Fig. 18).
Hinds stated the length of specimens in "lines" that are equivalent to a tenth of an inch, that is 2.54 mm (Keen 1966).

Figure 19
Triphoris ( The only specimen of this species in the collection has an injured mouth. It is remarkable for its long needle-like shape; and the upper portion of each whorl being strangulated, and the lower angular and with a series of tubercles, the shell has a very rough and jagged appearance.
Translation of the Latin text. Slender shell; 24-26 whorls, very narrow upper portion and angulated lower portion, with two series of tubercles; near the suture a granulated carina. Height 6 lines.
Diagnosis. Holotype 8.5 mm high and bearing 13 whorls, but the specimen lacks several apical whorls. The shell is extremely elongated. Teleoconch whorls have three tuberculated spiral cords, the first is smaller and appears later along the spire; the third is the most prominent. A suprasutural smooth cord is visible in the last whorls. The holotype is a subadult, and thus its peristome, sinuses, and base cannot be described. The apex is missing too. The teleoconch is white.  Diagnosis. Syntypes ranging in size from 6.7 to 7.5 mm. Teleoconch cyrtoconoid, with flat whorls. Syntype 1 (Fig.  20A-F) teleoconch of 12 whorls, ornamented by three undulated spiral keels; the second being narrower and appearing on the fourth teleoconch whorl. A fourth fine smooth suprasutural cord is visible in the lower part of the shell. Axial prosocline fine growth lines are visible especially on the lower part of the teleoconch. On the last whorl, keels become tuberculated and the profile becomes angulated. The peristome shows an additional tuberculated spiral keel. Siphonal canal quite long. Base flat with an additional smooth spiral cord. Protoconch of six whorls: protoconch I of two apparently smooth whorls, but the preservation of this part of the shell is suboptimal. Protoconch II of four whorls with one spiral keel on the first two, and two on the last two; axial riblets are visible on all four whorls. The protoconch is brown, whereas the teleoconch has a creamy white background colour with orange blotches. The interspaces between the tubercules of the third keel are often orange-brown.     Diagnosis. Syntype 1 (Fig. 21A-G) 8 mm high. Shell cyrtoconoid with 15 teleoconch whorls whose sides are char-acterized by two prominent smooth spiral cords. In between, a fine tuberculated spiral cord develops; on the first whorls, it appears as a fine thread. Axial riblets are present between the cords. The last whorl has a fourth, weakly tuberculated, spiral cord and the base shows an additional smooth spiral cord. The peristome shows an additional spiral cord between the first and the second and fine spiral threads between main cords. Siphonal canal long. Posterior sinus deep. The protonch is multispiral and composed of six whorls. The first two have numerous rounded tubercles; on the third and fourth, there are axial riblets and an equally strong spiral keel positioned abapically; on the last two whorls, a second strong spiral keel develops apically. The teleoconch orange with white flammulae. The second spiral cord on whorls has white tubercles and deep orange to brown interstices. The protoconch is brown.   The sulcus, which traverses the whorl transversely, will readily distinguish this species.

Triphoris (Ino) cancellatus Hinds, 1843
Translation of the Latin text. Pale shell, fourteen whorls with three series of granules, the intermediate Diagnosis. Syntype 4.6 mm high. Shell cyrtoconoid with nine whorls with flat sides. Such whorls are ornamented by three spiral cords with tubercles at the intersection with the prosocline axial ribs. The second cord develops at mid-teleoconch and is initially a fine thread. Among the main cords, fine spiral threads are visible. A fourth tuberculated cord is present on the last whorl and the base has one more. The peristome shows additional spiral cords between the main ones. The posterior sinus is shallow, the siphonal canal short. The protoconch is missing. The teleoconch is brown to orange with darker interspaces between the spiral cords.    Diagnosis. Syntype NHMUK 196536 4.9 mm high. Shell conical, with nine flat whorls bearing two strongly tubercled spiral cords. The base has one additional tubercled spiral cord. Siphonal canal quite long, with two spiral ridges, posterior canal tubular and ca 1 mm more interiorly than the lip. Protoconch paucispiral of 1.5 whorls. Shell white with an orange stripe on the second spiral cord.

Triphoris (Mastonia) castus Hinds, 1843
Remarks. Rolán and Fernández-Garcés (1993) stated that a lectotype designation was in progress by Moolenbeek and Faber, but the paper was never published (M. Faber, pers. comm., May 2014).     diate one closer to the lower which is pearly grey; last whorls with small granules; grooved suture; rounded aperture; open posterior sinus. Height 3 lines.

Triphoris (Mastonia) clemens Hinds, 1843
Diagnosis. Syntype 5.7 mm high. Shell conical with flat sides. The teleoconch has 12 flat whorls ornamented by three spiral cords with large rounded tubercles at the interstices with prosocline axial ribs. The second cord appears on the seventh whorl and is initially very narrow. A fourth suprasutural smooth cord is present which devel-ops into a fully tuberculated cord on the last whorl. The base has two more tuberculated cords. Fine spiral threads are also visible among the main cords. The peristome is incomplete in the holotype hindering its description. Siphonal canal short. In the holotype, the protoconch is incomplete but clearly multispiral. Three whorls are visible and ornamented by two strong spiral keels and several equally strong axial riblets. The teleoconch has a whitish background with pearly tubercles and orange interstices. Protoconch brown. Found among coarse sand at a depth of six fathoms. Many of these small shells have received an injury which has destroyed the mouth, and the present specimen has not escaped.
Translation of the Latin text. Triphora (Mastonia) with ovate pointed shell; 12 whorls with two series of granules, the lower a little bit larger, pearly, the upper faintly brown; last whorl with rather equal four cords. Height 4 lines.

Diagnosis.
The examined syntype is 6.6 mm high. Shell cyrtoconoid, with flat whorls. The examined specimen lacks the apical part, but it has 11 whorls with two spiral cords ornamented by large tubercles at the intersection with prosocline axial ribs. A third very fine cord is visible below the first one on the last two to three whorls. Among the main cords, numerous finely tuberculated narrow spiral cords can be seen. Peristome and apex missing. Moderately long siphonal canal. The base has two additional, weakly granulated, spiral cords. The teleoconch has the upper spiral cord brown with paler tubercles and the lower spiral cord white. The last whorl has a distinct pattern of white tubercles and brown interspaces. Remarks. The locus typicus of T. collaris is the Island of Corregidor in the Philippines. Although this locality is indicated in modern labels accompanying this lot in the NHMUK, an old label reports "Sandwich I." (Fig. 25F). Hinds stated in the original description the existence of several specimens and we can assume that this specimen is a syntype, although not topotypic. In the same lot, two more specimens were present, but they belong to completely different species, as already annotated by S.P. Dance in 1965.

Figure 26
Triphoris (  bercles. The second row develops later on the spire and on the last whorls a fourth smooth suprasutural cord is visible. Slightly prosocline axial ribs intersect the spiral cords forming the tubercles. Numerous fine spiral striae are visible between the main cords on the lower whorls. Additional spiral cords are visible on the peristome. The posterior sinus is tubular. The base has no additional spiral cords. The protoconch is absent in the type series, but a small remnant suggests it to be brown and multispiral. The teleoconch is dirty white.
Remarks. Lot NHMUK 1879.2.26.200 contains also one subadult specimen that is broader, bears a different sculpture, and thus may not be this species. The lectotype was thus designated to univocally define the morphology of this taxon and stabilize the nomenclature. The lectotype is the best preserved specimen and the only one to bear remnants of the protoconch,

Figure 27
Triphoris ( Diagnosis. Adult specimens of the type series range between 11.2 and 14.2 mm. Shell conical and very elongated. The teleoconch has 17 flat sides with three strong smooth spiral cords. The second whorl develops later along the teleoconch and is initially weakly undulated as a result of the intersection with prosocline axial riblets which are well developed in the lectotype. A fourth smooth spiral cord is visible on the last whorls. An additional spiral cord develops between the second and the third and is clearly visible on the peristome. The base has two additional smooth spiral cords. Syntype NHMUK 1879.2.26.195/2 (but see Remarks and Fig. 27A-D) bears a multispiral brown protoconch; the first whorl and half are smooth with numerous rounded tubercles. Three whorls follow with strong axial riblets intersecting one spiral keel in the first and two spiral keels in the following whorls. The original description suggested the species to be brown, but some specimens show darker fletches.
Remarks. Specimens belonging to these lots show variable strength of the prosocline axial ribs between the main cords. Hinds highlighted in the original description the presence of strong axial ribs and likely named the species after it. The significance of this character for species delimitation has still to be understood. Moreover, two colour forms are present in the type series: syntype NHMUK 1879.2.26.195/2 ( Fig. 27A-D, H, I) shows a colouration of light spiral cords on a brown background, whereas the syntype NHMUK 1879.2.26.195/1 (Fig. 27F-G) is brown with darker flammulae. Therefore, this syntype may belong to a different species of this complex group. This name has been used for the first Indo-Pacific triphorid species detected in the Mediterranean Sea, likely introduced through the Suez Canal. Notwithstanding the complexity of the group, the introduced species in the Mediterranean Sea probably best matches Viriola bayani Jousseaume, 1884 (Steger et al. 2018).

Figure 28
Triphoris ( Diagnosis. Syntype 8.1 mm high. Shell cyrtoconoid, with flat sides. Teleoconch with 14 whorls bearing four spiral cords which are smooth, with the exception of the third which is undulated. Spiral microsculpture can be observed between the main cords. The peristome and posterior canal are missing in the holotype. The anterior canal is very elongated and bears two strong smooth spiral cords. The last whorl is strongly angulated at the periphery; the base bears an additional undulated strong spiral cord. The apex is missing in the holotype, but remnants of the last protoconch whorl point to a multispiral type. Such last whorl has two spiral keels and axial riblets. The teleoconch has a white background with brown to orange flammulae; the protoconch visible last whorl is brown.

Figure 29
Triphoris ( This is the largest species with which I am acquainted. The colour would appear to be brown, but, as the specimens are dead, they cannot be relied on.
Translation of the Latin text. Shell very elongated; 25-28 plain whorls with four rows of granules, the lowest a little bit larger, base dotted by granules. Height 11 lines.
Diagnosis. Syntype broken into two pieces: the abapical and apical ones are 9.5 mm and 3.7 mm, respectively. Shell extremely elongated, cylindrical, with very flat sides. Whorls with four tuberculated spiral cords. The first is initially smooth. The third cord develops later and initially just as a fine thread. Axial ribs prosocline. Apex and base lacking in the available syntype. Syntype background teleoconch colour white, with orange blotches, but likely faded; the original figure shows a deeper brown-orange colour.

Remarks.
A "potential" lectotype (NHMUK 196542) had been selected by S. Kosuge in 1965 but then lost while on loan to B. Marshall in 1979. This lectotype designation has never been published and is not deemed valid (as many other "potential" lecto-and paralectotypes of triphorids in NHMUK). A photograph (negative no. 0810) is available (Fig. 29A) and shows a specimen which hardly matches the original description and the figure by Hinds (1844) in the Zoology of the Sulphur. In particular, T. gigas is characterized by three tuberculated spiral cords of equal size plus a smaller subsutural one, while the lost "potential" lectotype has clearly two main cords and a smaller subsutural one. The lot NHMUK 1879.2.26.194 contains two specimens belonging to two different species. The first specimen (Fig. 29F, I, J) likely belongs to T. gigas: it is a juvenile specimen and the third cord is visible between the second and the last as a fine thread (see under T. princeps Sowerby III 1904, Figure 97F, the unidentified specimen that is likely a mature T. gigas). The second specimen (Fig. 29D, E) has more rounded whorls with two tuberculated spiral cords and strong smooth supra-and subsutural spiral cords which do not appear in T. gigas. Lot NHMUK 196543 (Fig. 29B, C) was also labelled as "potential lectotype" but the shell is more conical and an additional spiral cord develops lately between the first and the second, instead of between the second and the third like in T. gigas.   Geog. The Mediterranean Sea. Cab. Gray. The single specimen of this very pretty shell has the mouth much injured.

Triphoris (Mastonia) grayii Hinds, 1843
Translation of the Latin text. Oval shell; ten whorls, the upper ones with two rows of granules, the lower ones with three rows, the intermediate the smallest. Height 4½ lines.
Diagnosis. Holotype 8.2 mm high. Shell cyrtoconoid and rather broad. Teleoconch of 10 visible whorls, but likely the very first whorls are missing. Teleoconch whorls have two very strong spiral cords bearing large tubercles at the intersection with orthocline axial ribs.
In the second half of the shell, a third finer one develops and a fine smooth suprasutural cord is also visible. Spiral microsculpture is also visible between the main cords. The base has one tuberculated and one smooth additional cords. The peristome is incomplete, but bears an additional spiral cord between the third and the fourth. The siphonal canal is well developed with additional smooth cords. The apex is missing. The te-leoconch has a whitish background visible between the main cords which are deep orange in the interspaces and bear creamy tubercles.
Remarks. This has not been recognized as a Mediterranean species (Bouchet 1985). In contrast, it is remarkably similar to the shell identified as Monophorus cf. thiriotae Bouchet, 1985illustrated by Rolán (1993 from the Canary Islands, the Cape Verde Islands and other localities in West Africa.   This shell is very remarkably characterized. The sur-face is perfectly smooth, and of an agreeable rose-colour; but each whorl is divided into three unequal parts by two furrows. The margins of each furrow, and of the depressed line which marks the course of the suture, are provided with a series of horizontal granulations, which look towards each other and do not appear above the surface of the shell, but under a magnifying glass display an appearance which seems to justify the specific name.

Triphoris (Ino) maxillaris Hinds, 1843
Translation of the Latin text. Pink shell; 16-18 whorls with a smooth surface with two grooves whose margins are granulated; deep suture, subquadrate aperture with granulated margin, slightly open posterior sinus. Height 5½ lines.
Diagnosis. The lectotype is a subadult, but the paralectotype is 9.9 mm high. Shell conical and elongated. The lectotype has 17 flat whorls, but the apical part is missing. The three spiral cords have broad flat coalescent tubercles.
The base has two more spiral cords with similar tubercles and a depression between the fifth cord and the siphonal canal which is short. The peristome has no additional cords and bears a shallow posterior canal. The protoconch is absent in the types, but remnants of its last whorl suggest a multispiral type. Teleoconch pink, protoconch brown.
Remarks. Specimens with indistinguishable teleoconch sculpture, colour and overall appearance, but with paucispiral protoconch were found in Vanuatu. Consequently, we designated as lectotype of T. maxillaris a specimen that, although subadult, retains the last whorl of a typical planktotrophic protoconch (Fig. 31K, L) to unambiguously identify this species.
Translation of the Latin text. Slender, dark shell; 20-22 whorls, narrow above, with three series of granules, the whitish lower is the greatest, the upper one is the smallest; subquadrate aperture; linear posterior sinus. Height 6 lines.
Diagnosis. Syntypes 12.2-13.3 mm high. Shell conical, narrow and very elongated. Teleoconch of ca 20 whorls with flat sides bearing three spiral cords with large tubercles at the intersection with prosocline axial ribs. The base has two additional almost smooth spiral cords. The last half whorl and peristome bear additional spiral cords between the main ones. Anterior siphonal canal long. The lectotype protonch is incomplete and worn but clearly multispiral and composed of at least four whorls with two strong keels; axial riblets are also likely present. Shell white to creamy-white.

Figure 33
Triphoris ( Geog. Straits of Malacca; in 18 to 23 fathoms, mud. The manner in which the lower series of markings is repeated in the last whorl is very evident in this species, though to be met with in nearly the whole. Thus, the series of beading, which is single on the upper whorls, will here be found to be double on the last.
Translation of the Latin text. Small shell, elegant like a jewel; ten whorls with two series of granules; the lower series with white granules with red interspaces, the upper one white; subquadrate aperture, narrow posterior sinus. Height 2⅓ lines.
Diagnosis. Syntype NHMUK 1879.2.26.208/1 (Fig. 33A-G) 4.4 mm high. Shell conical and rather broad. Teleoconch of nine whorls with two main spiral cords bearing tubercles at the intersection with prosocline axial ribs. A fine third cord develops on the last whorl and numerous fine punctuated spiral striae are present between the main cords. A fourth and fifth smooth spiral cords are visible on the base. The peristome bears a deep posterior sinus and additional spiral cords near the lip. Anterior siphonal canal short. Protoconch multispiral of 5 whorls. The first is apparently smooth, while the others bear a strong spiral keel and axial riblets. Protoconch brown. Teleoconch with a creamy white background and orange interspaces between tubercles.    The only specimen of this shell is dead and imperfect. It is, however, slightly mottled with brown, being most probably the remains of a uniform colour. It is rendered very distinct from any species hitherto described by the manner of its keeling. A faint elevated line would also appear to traverse the course of the suture.
Translation of the Latin text. Cylindrical shell, elongated, acuminate, 18-20 whorls, with three keels of unequal size, the lowest keel by far the largest, the two above equal and smaller; aperture quadrate. Height 8½ lines.  Diagnosis. Holotype 18.9 mm. Shell extremely elongated with flat whorls. It lacks the apical part and a portion of the last whorl. The specimen has 15 whorls, with three spiral keels: the third is very prominent whereas the first two are smaller and of equal size. Between these keels, there are prosocline axial threads. Siphonal canal long, peristome missing in the holotype. The base bears one additional strong keel and a second smaller one. A third faint one runs on the siphonal canal. Apex missing in the holotype. Teleoconch worn, but apparently whitish with brown blotches.

Figure 35
Triphoris (Mastonia) roseus Hinds 1843b: 21, not illustrated. Illustration available in Hinds (1844) Translation of the Latin text. Shell oval; 10 whorls with two granulated brownish cords; in the middle, a third small smooth pink cord; rounded aperture. Height 3½ lines.
Diagnosis. Syntype 5.5 mm high. Shell conical with 10 visible flat whorls, but the apical part is missing. Two main spiral cords run on the whorls; a third develops in between, initially as a fine thread and then as a fully-grown cord on the last whorl. Large, subrectangular tubercles are present at the intersection with slightly prosocline axial ribs. The last whorl and the base have three additional weakly tuberculated spiral cords. Very fine microsculpture is visible between the main spiral cords and axial ribs. The peristome has a very shallow posterior sinus and apparently does not bear additional spiral cords. The protoconch is missing in the syntype. Teleoconch light orange with pink to pearly lower spiral cords.

Figure 36
Triphoris ( Its reddish colour and double series of tubercles will readily distinguish this shell. In some of the specimens, a small intermediate series is about to make its appearance on the one or two inferior whorls.
Translation of the Latin text. Shell red; 11 whorls with two granulated threads, lower series covering the suture; aperture rounded; sinus on the peristome with contracted edges. Height 4 lines.
Diagnosis. Syntype NHMUK 1844.6.7.22 ( Fig. 36A-H) 5 mm high. Shell conical and broad. Teleoconch of 12 flat whorls bearing two large cords with tubercles at the interstices with opisthocline axial ribs. A third spiral cord is visible on the last whorl as a fine smooth thread just below the first cord. The base bears two additional weakly tuberculated cords. In between the main sculpture, fine numerous finely tuberculated spiral cords are visible. The peristome has a deep posterior sinus and fine additional spiral cords. Siphonal canal short. Protoconch multispiral, of four whorls; the first has spherical tubercles, while the others bear two spiral keels and axial riblets. Teleoconch pink to light violet, with lighter tubercles. Protoconch brown. Operculum horny, rather thin, ovate, multispiral of about 4½ whorls, nucleus a little eccentric, periphery thin and only a little upturned.  Diagnosis. Subadult syntypes ca 9 mm high. Shell conical, with flat whorls bearing two quite thin main spiral cords with large oblong tubercles at the intersection with broad axial ribs. A third very fine spiral cord develops early in the teleoconch but never attains the strength of the other two whereas a fourth smooth cord is visible above the suture. A microsculpture of very fine threads is visible between the main cords. The apex is incomplete, but clearly bears a brown multispiral protoconch whose last two whorls have two strong spiral keels and axial riblets. The teleoconch has a whitish background with orange to brown flammulae.
Type locality. Not reported. Translation of the Latin text. Shell oval and elongated, reddish; 13 whorls with two granulated cords; the upper one slightly larger and white; on the penultimate whorl a small third cord appears. Height 3 lines.
Diagnosis. Syntype NHMUK 196538 6.2 mm high. Shell conical, composed of 13 teleoconch flat whorls which bear two main tuberculated spiral cords. A third develops in between on the penultimate whorl as a fine thread but attains full size on the last whorl. The base has two additional weakly tuberculated whorls. The apex is broken in the lectotype, but remnants of the last protoconch whorl suggest a multispiral type. Such last whorl bears a single strong spiral keel and axial riblets. Shell brown, with pearly white tubercles on the first spiral cord.

Figure 39
Triphoris ( Diagnosis. Syntype 8.7 mm high. Conical shell with 12 slightly convex whorls with numerous prosocline growth lines and two deep spiral grooves. Very fine spiral threads are also visible. Base smooth. Peristome with no clear posterior sinus, siphonal canal short. Protoconch paucispiral with one large smooth whorl. Shell colour yellowish-white.    Diagnosis. Syntype NHMUK 1879.2.26.196/1 17.3 mm high. Shell conical and slender, with more than 20 whorls bearing three smooth spiral cords and prosocline growth lines. A suprasutural smooth cord and very fine spiral threads are also visible. Periphery of the last whorl angulated, the base has one smoother spiral cord. Protoconch incomplete and very worn, but apparently multispiral with two spiral keels and axial riblets on the last two whorls. Teleoconch yellowish with an orange band between the second and third spiral cord.

Figure 41
Triphoris ( Translation of the Latin text. Shell black; 14 whorls with three cords; the lowest cord white; rounded aperture; posterior sinus nearly absent. Height 3 lines.
Diagnosis. Syntype 5.5 mm high. Shell strongly cyrtoconoid, broad. Teleoconch of 11 flat whorls with two main smooth spiral cords. A third develops in between early in the teleoconch. Several fine threads run between the main cords. There are faint prosocline axial ribs which form tubercles on the fourth spiral cord visible on the base which has a fifth smooth cord too. The peristome is incomplete in the lectotype, but like- ly bears additional spiral cords. Also, the apex is incomplete, but clearly bears a dark-brown multispiral protoconch whose last two whorls have two strong keels and axial riblets. Teleoconch brown with white to pearly flammulae particularly evident on the abapical spiral cord.
Remarks. Hinds (1843a) introduced the genus Mastonia without designating the type species but listing as first species T. vulpinus. The type species designation was later done by Jousseaume (1884) who selected T. ruber Hinds, 1843. Such designation is valid (ICZN 1999, Arti-cle 69.1) because T. ruber is an originally included nominal species (ICZN 1999, Article 67.2).

Species described by J.G. Jeffreys
John G. Jeffreys described two species of Triphoridae: Cerithium perversum var. pallescens Jeffreys, 1867 and Triphoris aspera Jeffreys, 1885. The former was reviewed by Bouchet and Guillemot (1978) who selected the lectotype (USNM 62160) (Bouchet 1985 as Cheirodonta pallescens). For the former, syntypes have been traced in USNM (87324) and NHMUK (Warén 1980); the latter are here reviewed.   Type material. Syntypes: NHMUK 1885.11.5.2673, 1 specimen, Porcupine Expedition; NHMUK 1885.11.5.2674, 1 fragment, Porcupine Expedition station 16 (fide modern label); NHMUK 1885.11.5.3934-5, 2 fragments, Adventure Bank; NHMUK 1885.11.5.3936, 1 specimen glued on cardboard, Porcupine Expedition, "Coast of Spain" (from original label); NHMUK 1885.11.5.3937-8, 2 specimens (but one is not T. aspera, see remarks), Porcupine Expedition, "Atlantic" (from original label); NHMUK 1985008, 32 fragments or juveniles, Porcupine Expedition, Adventure Bank 92 fathoms (fide modern label) (coll. E.R. Sykes). Additional syntypes USNM 87324, not seen. Original description. Shell elongated, rather solid, nearly opaque and glossy: sculpture, rows or bands of small tubercles (18-20 on the last or bottom row), which arise from the mutual intercrossing of longitudinal and spiral striae; of these rows there are usually three on the last whorl above the periphery, and the same number on several of the succeeding whorls and afterwards two only; each of the apical whorls (3 or 4) is closely striated lengthwise and encircled by two spiral lines; the periphery is defined by a rather strong ridge, a little below which is another ridge, besides a shorter and smaller one at the base; the tubercles which compose the lower two rows are larger and more prominent than those of the uppermost or third row: colour pale yellowish, with a faint tinge of brown; apical whorls dark brown: spire tapering to a fine point; apex pinched-in and narrower than the rest of the spire: whorls 21-22, compressed, gradually enlarging; the last equals only from 1/5 to 1/6 of the shell: suture slight, indicated by the uppermost spiral row: mouth rhomboidal; and all other characters similar to those of T. perversa. L. 0"6, B. 0'15.
Diagnosis. The two adult specimens among the syntypes are 13.7 and 15.1 mm. Shell conical with 18 teleoconch whorls bearing three spiral cords with spiny tubercles at the intersection with orthocline axial ribs. A fourth and a fifth smooth cord are present on the base, and the fourth is already visible on the spire as a suprasutural cord. Numerous fine spiral threads adorn the whorls between the main cords and fine growth lines are also visible. Siphonal canal short. Protoconch multispiral of 4.5 whorls; the last three bearing two strong spiral keels and axial riblets whereas the first are too worn for description. Teleoconch brown with lighter tubercles and whitish first three whorls; protoconch orange-brown.
Remarks. Specimen NHMUK 1885.11.5.2673 is likely the one used for the original figure because it is the only adult specimen with complete protoconch known and because of an annotation on the original label. Bouchet and Guillemot (1978) proposed the nomen novum Triphora brychia because of omonymy with Triforis asper Deshayes, 1864, which is a fossil species from the Paris Basin (Le Renard and Pacaud 1995;. Lot NHMUK 1885.11.5.3937-8 contains an adult specimen which is not T. aspera, as already noted by Warén (1980): it is broader, with more numerous axial ribs and with the first tubercled spiral cord clearly visible only from mid-teleoconch (Fig. 42I).

Species described by E.A. Kay
Elizabeth A. Kay described nine species of Triphoridae in her monograph on Hawaiian molluscs (1979). With a single exception (Triphora keiki), paratypes of all species have been deposited in the NHMUK. Kay, 1979  Remarks. The specimen in NHMUK may be a different species than the holotype figured by Kay (1979, fig.  48L, M). The holotype has large flat spiral cords (a character also included in the original description) and the interspaces are smaller than the cords. In contrast, the NHMUK specimen has thin spiral cords with ample interspaces. Unfortunately, Kay's illustration of the teleoconch is blurred, and the NHMUK specimen is worn and lacks the apex, which would have offered additional diagnostic characters for observation.     Remarks. This is a junior synonym of Viriola alboguttata Tomlin (p. 280). These specimens given by Kay to the NHMUK and labelled as paratypes were not listed as such in Kay (1979).       Remarks. These specimens given by Kay to the NHMUK and labelled as paratypes were not listed as such in Kay (1979).    Remarks. The NHMUK labels report two specimens per lot but we found a single specimen per lot only.

Species described by S. Kosuge
Sadao Kosuge was a prolific author who described 47 species of Triphoridae. Most holotypes are in Japanese museums and a few in the USNM. He was usually very accurate in stating the location of type material in his papers. In the NHMUK we found specimens labelled as paratypes of 14 species whose existence he did not report; however, the museum registry confirmed that these specimens were donated by Kosuge himself. We illustrate these shells because the original figures were often in black and white or line drawings. We also add the original descriptions (omitting the type locality and the location of type material which we report in other sections of each spe- cies' paragraph) because the journals where these species were published were not of wide distribution. However, we do not add diagnoses because Kosuge's descriptions are recent and detailed.  Original description. Shell small, rather fusiform, inflated, rapidly attenuated to the early whorls, slightly narrowed at the base. Protoconch reddish brown, 2 spiral keels overridden by axial threads. Mature whorls 9 to 10 in number, suture well defined as a shallow groove. Sculpture 3 spiral costae, widely apart from each other and decussated with irregular axial grooves, divided into 26 ill-defined granules, upper row largest, median one faint, and turns to a thread at the antepenultimate whorl and diminished at the earlier whorls. Body whorl has 2 slightly granulated extra-costae, anterior canal slightly recurved, aperture subquadrate. White in colour at the earlier 3 whorls and remainder blackish reddish brown.
Remarks: This species is easily distinguished by its peculiar sculpture and colour patterns from the allied form.     Remarks: This species is allied to T. angasi Crosse, though the latter has a white band in lower granules of body whorl and also differs from T. marmoratus Pease in details of sculpture of body whorl.
Shell length: 9.7 mm. Remarks: This species is closely related to T. loyaltyensis (Hervier) in its sculpture and colour pattern, though differs in having 2 spiral keels on its protoconch in contrast with 1 keel of the latter. This is distributed in Okinawa and Amami Islands, and was formerly treated as T. loyaltyensis by Japanese authors.

Figure 54
Euthymella isaotakii Kosuge 1962b: 124, pl. 8, fig. 18   This species is named in memory of the late Dr. Isao Taki, who was kind enough to guide me in malacology.     Remarks: This species is distinguished by its inflated spindle-form, sculpture and colouration, and closely related to N. lucidulus (Hervier), though differs in its shell shape and protoconch which is marked by double spiral keels in contrast to a single keel of the latter species, and also differs from N. amoena (Hervier) in its coloration and shell size. This species is dedicated to Prof. Iwao Taki of the Hiroshima University, who is kind enough to read my manuscript with valuable advices.  Type locality. Ankyaba, Setouchi-machi, Amami Islands.
Original description. Shell small, conical, tapering to the summit, lower part of spire somewhat cylindrical. Protoconch pale brown, with a single spiral keel and crossed axial threads, mature whorls 10 or more, suture well defined with a supra-sutural thread. Sculpture 3 rows of granules, median row rapidly turns to a spiral thread at its earlier whorls. Colour pattern distinctive, upper row of granules and suprasutural thread reddish brown, remainder white, other 2 spiral colour bands on the body whorl. Granules small, somewhat squarish, apart by half of its diameter and 22 to a whorl. Each granule connected with slightly oblique, fine axial columns and faint spiral threads. Fourth row of granules encircles on the periphery of the body whorl and coloured reddish brown, fifth on the base, slightly granulated and also stained reddish brown, and sixth on the anterior canal, smooth. Anterior canal straight.
Shell length: 6.0 mm. Remarks: This species is closely related to N. sardonyx (Laseron) and Cautor albozonatus (Laseron), though differs from the former in having a distinct sutural groove and a supra-sutural thread, and from the latter in its protoconch and sculpture of body whorl, and also distinguished from T. regina Hedley in its colour pattern.   Type locality. Shirahama, Shimoda-machi, Shizuoka Prefecture, Central Japan.
Original description. Shell medium in size, conical, apex blunt, not narrowed at the base, somewhat conoidal rod in shape. Protoconch immersed at the summit, slightly appearing as a tip of the smooth nucleus. Mature whorls 13, with straight side, suture deep and widely channelled. Sculpture 3 rows of granules, each row equal in size at the lower two-third of the spire, median row diminished at the early whorls. Granules connected with both spiral keels and rather broad axial columns which are latticed with spiral keels, apart by about half of its diameter and 22 to a whorl. On the body whorl, there are 3 smooth spiral keels on the periphery and base, anterior canal long and slightly recurved, aperture almost rounded. Colouration reddish brown and light brown in drifted materials.
Remarks: This species is easily recognized by its immersed protoconch, differing from Is. tasmanica (Ten-Wood) in its protoconch, of which the nucleus is slightly raised up, in contrast to the latter in which protoconch is completely immersed. This feature is taken natural as a generic character, therefore it may be necessary to give this species an appropriate subgeneric name.
This species is dedicated to Dr. Tokubei Kuroda of the Kyoto University, President of the Malacological Society of Japan, who is kind enough to help in both literature and material.       (Watson) and T. turricula (Hervier), though differs in having a protoconch with 2 spiral keels in contrast to 1 keel of the latter two species, and also differs in shell shape.    on the base more slender than the others. Anterior canal rather short and slightly recurved backward. Colouration olive ochre, tinted among the granules underside of lower spiral keel of each whorl with deep reddish brown and protoconch chocolate.

Notosinister rufotinctus Kosuge, 1963
Shell length: 5.2 mm. Remarks: This species is distinct by its spindle form and colouration, and somewhat related to Triphora clemens (Hinds), though differs in its sculpture.
Remarks: This species is allied to M. squamosa in shell feature and sculpture, though differs from it in colour pattern and also from T. albogranosa in shell feature, details of sculpture and colour pattern.
Mature whorls 16, suture not clear and has a fine supra-sutural thread. Sculpture of 3 rows of granules, latticed by spiral costae and axial columns, upper row more slender, and nearly equal·sized on the body whorl. Granules spirally elongate, each granule apart from each other by about its diameter and 19 to a whorl. Supra-sutural thread becomes the fourth row of granules on the edge of body whorl and also fifth and sixth slender rows slightly appear on the interstices of main rows at the body whorl, two extra spiral costae at the base of body whorl and faintly granulated. Anterior canal not closed.
Remarks: This species is closely related to T. episcopalis (Hervier) in colour pattern, though in the latter species the median row of granules is diminished on the  upper and lower rows large and equal in size, median row becoming nearly equal to the others on the body whorl and gradually turns to spiral thread as it ascends the spire. Granules small, well rounded, beset close together and 20 to a whorl, connected with oblique axial columns and weak spiral threads. On the body whorl, fourth row of granules encircles the periphery and fifth row the base. Anterior canal strongly recurved backward and encircled by a smooth spiral keel. Colouration of protoconch brown, mature whorl white with squarish brown piltches.
Remarks: This species somewhat likes N. quadrimaculatus (Hervier), though differs in colour pattern and shell shape, and also differs from Triphora maculosus Hedley and Triphora ampulla Hedley in colour pattern and protoconch, from Triphora dolicha (Watson) in its sculpture of protoconch.

Species described by B.A. Marshall
Bruce A. Marshall described 21 species of Triphoridae, most of them in his seminal work on South Australian species (1983). In the NHMUK, the paratype of a single species is deposited: Metaxia kermadecensis.

Species described by J.C. Melvill
James C. Melvill described five species of Triphoridae: Triphora (Mastonia) coetiviensis Melvill, 1909, T. concatenata Melvill, 1904, T. incolumis Melvill, 1918, T. interpres Melvill, 1918and T. persica Melvill, 1918 from various localities. We found in the NHMUK type material of the first four. Syntypes of T. persica are in NMW (Trew 1987). Because large sets of syntypes are stored in the NMW, we refrained from selecting lectotypes pending their inspection.   An ashy-brown little Triphora, evenly spirally tubercled throughout with shining small gemmae, of a compact growth, attenuate towards the apex, otherwise robust; on the upper whorls the spiral rows are alternately straw-coloured and grey, the lower whorls, however, are of a uniform dull grey, the orifice being tinged with brown, as is the shortly beaked canal. From figures and descriptions this species must be near T. funebris Jouss., from New Caledonia, and T. intermedia C.B. Ad., from the Antilles.

Translation of the Latin text.
Medium-sized shell, compact, rather solid, pupiform, brown-grey, narrowing towards its apex; up to 14 whorls, the two apical ones pointed, translucent white, the next four with two rows of tubercles, others with three rows and the last with five; bright, ash-white, round tubercles; aperture nearly rounded, crenulated brown thin lip, short bent anterior siphon.
Diagnosis. Lectotype 10.5 mm high. Shell cyrtoconoid, with at least 12 teleoconch flat whorls that bear three spiral cords with tubercles at the intersection with arched axial ribs, a fourth suprasutural smooth cord is visible. The second spiral cord develops later but it is fully developed after one-third of shell height. Fine spiral threads and growth lines are present among the main elements of the sculpture. The peristome bears additional spiral cords and a shallow posterior sinus. Siphonal canal long; on the base, a fifth tuberculated spiral cord is present. Pro-toconch missing. Teleoconch colour brown, with pearly tubercles and lighter background on the first spiral cord and on the siphonal canal; very first whorls white.
Remarks. Trew (1987) stated that this specimen is the holotype, but Melvill (1909) did not specify how many specimens he studied, nor we have found other evidence that the species was described on a single specimen.
Type material. Syntypes: NHMUK 1905.7.14.32-4, 1 specimen (plus 2 belonging to another species, see Re-   A small, very gracefully attenuate species, white or whitish-drab, with ochreous apical whorls, these being once keeled spirally, the usual pattern being present on the remaining whorls of three rows of round, shining gemmae -four on the body-whorl, the lowest row being the largest; these spiral rows are more or less concatenate, leaving clear spaces between.
Translation of the Latin text. Very slender thin shell, whitish, white-brown, up to 18 whorls, four unicarinated ochraceus apical ones, with microscopical sinuous lirae then becoming straight, indistinct sutures, three rows of concatenated gemmulae which are round, bright; last whorl with four rows, angulated near the base, rounded-ovate aperture, simple lip, short anterior siphon. The largest specimen is 5 mm long, 1 mm wide.
Diagnosis. Syntype 5.6 mm high. Extremely slender shell with 14 flat teleoconch whorls bearing three spiral cords with tubercles at the intersection with prosocline axial ribs. The first spiral cord is smaller. The peristome is incomplete in the syntype, the siphonal canal appears short. On the base, three additional smooth cords are present. Protoconch incomplete, but clearly multispiral with the last three whorls bearing two spiral keels and axial riblets. Shell whitish.
Remarks. Lot NHMUK 1905.7.14.32-4 contains three shells belonging to two species. One shell clearly resembles the specimen figured by Melvill (1904) (NHMUK 1905.7.14.32, Fig. 67B-F), while the other two can be readily distinguished by one instead of two spiral keels on the protoconch (Fig. 67J) and the second spiral cord on the teleoconch appearing later than the other two (Fig. 67H, I); in the true T. concatenata all three spiral cords are present since the first teleoconch whorl. According to Trew (1987), the specimen shown in Figure 67B is the syntype figured by Melvill (1904). Therefore, upon inspection of the syntypes in NMW, it may be selected as lectotype.   A fine species, of pronounced character. Cylindro-fusiform in shape, with channelled sutures, whorls (including the five nuclear, three of which are very finely striate) 16-17 in number, the lower whorls all ornamented with three equal spiral regular rows of gemmae, shining, round, large proportionately; the body-whorl possessing four, the lowest of them sometimes has the gemmae partly evanescent, the base being encircled with spiral plain ridges. Aperture somewhat squarrose, peristome thin, canal shortly recurved, pronounced. It may be compared with T. rufula, Watson, a somewhat smaller species * [footnote refers to: 'Challenger' Exp. xv. p. 566, pi, xlii. fig. 2] (long. 7.5 mm.) from Wednesday Island, Torres Straits. This is much of the same sculpture, with channelled suture, the shell being of a ruddy yellow tint throughout. It differs from T. idonea, M. & St., not only in the channelled sutures and greater breadth of contour, but in the mouth being more contracted. We have seen a live albino form from Fao; in this the fourth row of noduled gemmae at the periphery of the basal whorl is extremley distinct and perfect.

Triphora incolumis Melvill, 1918
Translation of the Latin text. Rather solid, pale yellow cylindro-fusiform shell; 16-17 whorls, the five apical ones with faint nice longitudinal striae, slightly decussated, the apex is delicate, rather flat; next whorls with deep sutures, a little convex; four apical whorls with two spiral cords, the next with three series of nodose gemmules, four in the last whorl with vanishing gemmules near the base which bears three smooth spiral cords; quadrate aperture, thin peristome, lightly recurved short anterior siphon.
Diagnosis. Syntypes between 7.5 and 8.4 mm high. Shell conical with 12 whorls bearing three spiral cords with tubercles at the intersection with orthocline axial ribs. The second spiral cord appears on the sixth whorl and becomes quickly as strong as the others. A smooth suprasutural cord is also visible. Growth lines are present. The peristome bears additional, although short, spiral cords and a shallow posterior sinus. The siphonal canal is short. On the base, the fourth cord is tuberculated and  three more smooth cords are visible. The multispiral protoconch has four whorls: the first has abapically short axial riblets but it is too worn to be properly described, the other three have two spiral keels and axial riblets. Shell dirty white, with lighter tubercles.

Triphora interpres Melvill, 1918
Figure 69  A rare species, very gracefully attenuate, many (20 or more) whorled, the apical being five in number, ochreous-brown and finely cancellate in young specimens, but soon getting worn, the remainder slightly impressed suturally, with three spiral bands of gemmuled nodules, those on either side of the sutures being the largest and most pronounced, the median row smaller; the bodywhorl has but three gemmuled rows in all the examples we have examined, the fourth row, at the periphery, being a simple ridge. The colour is ashy-white, flecked with pale chestnut dashed over the whorls at certain intervals. Mouth small proportionately, semicircular; peristome thin, canal short, recurved.

Translation of the Latin text.
Graceful light fusiform shell, slender, ash-grey; up to 20 whorls, of which 5 belong to the apex which is pale brown, smooth; the next whorls are finely cancellate and ochraceous brown; the others nearly straight, impressed at the sutures, with three spiral cords of regular gemmulated nodules, the middle one smaller; surface with brown spots, last whorl with two cords around the base; small semicircular aperture, remarkable, short bent anterior siphonal canal.
The largest specimen is 11 mm high, 2.25 mm wide.

Diagnosis.
The studied syntype is 4 mm high. Shell conical, with nine teleoconch flat whorls with two main spiral cords with tubercles at the intersection with slightly prosocline axial ribs. A third fine thread appears around half teleoconch height between the two main cords and becomes a fully developed tuberculated cord only on the last whorl. A very fine smooth suprasutural cord is also visible and becomes a fully developed tuberculated cord on the last whorl too. The peristome is regrown after breakage in the syntype but the posterior sinus appears shallow. The siphonal canal is short. The base bears a fifth smooth cord. The protoconch is incomplete in the syntype but clearly multispiral. The last three whorls bear two main spiral keels and axial riblets. The teleoconch has a white background with orange-brown blotches. Siphonal canal and protoconch brown.
Remarks. There is a major discrepancy in size between this syntype (4 mm) and what stated in the original description (11 mm). Only the study of other syntypes will clarify the real identity of this taxon, because there are several species with this colour pattern which can be easily mixed together.

Species described by J.C. Melvill and R. Standen
James C. Melvill and Robert Standen described two species of Triphoridae: T. excelsior Melvill & Standen, 1899 and T. idoneus Melvill & Standen, 1901. Types of both species are present in the NHMUK. Because additional syntypes are present in the NMW and MSIM (Trew 1987), we refrain from selecting any lectotypes pending their inspection.

Figure 70
Triforis (  spotting; whorls 25 or 26, tornate, smooth, elevated at the sutures, closely thrice-keeled transversely, the keel just below the sutures is smaller and less conspicuous than the two lower, the last whorl is four-keeled, there being two on the periphery; the aperture is roundish, small; in one (the most perfect) specimen the recurved and beaked canal is closed with shelly matter behind the aperture.
The only species to which, in size, this very conspicuous Triforis could be referred is T. gigas, Hinds, also occurring in the same localities. The sculpture, as seen by the above description, is however totally different, being smooth, with no interstitial pitting or gemmuled ribs of any kind. Owing to no one specimen being in a state of absolute perfection, we have been compelled to estimate the number of whorls and the dimensions generally with the aid of two or more examples, each complete in some one particular.

Translation of the Latin text.
Much acuminate and slender narrow shell, brown in colour with reddish spots; twenty-five or twenty-six elegant whorls, elevated at the sutures, with three spiral keels; the keel just below the suture is smaller and less conspicuous than the other two, interspaces flat; the last whorl is four-keeled, a double keel is present at the periphery; the aperture is roundish, small; the bent and beaked anterior siphonal canal in one specimen is closed with shelly matter behind the aperture. The largest specimen is 30 mm high and 5 mm wide.

Diagnosis.
Syntype 24 mm high. Shell narrowly pyramidal, very slender with 22 whorls bearing three smooth spiral cords, the second being smaller than the others. A fourth smooth suprasutural spiral cord is visible. Between the main cords, there are prosocline axial riblets. The peristome is a bit broken in the syntype, but clearly bears additional spiral cords. Base with a fifth smooth spira cord.
Siphonal canal long. Apex missing. Teleoconch whitish with few small brown blotches.

Figure 71
Triforis idoneus Melvill and Standen 1901: 376, pl. 22, fig. 17  Long. 10, lat. 2.50 mm. Hab. Linjah Anchorage, 5 fathoms. This Triforis, distinguished by its uniform chalky whiteness and regular rows of gemmuled cancellations, coarse, uniform, three-ranked on all the upper whorls, four on the body-whorl, is of a graceful shape and fairly sized. It is unfortunate that all the specimens we have examined are without the apical whorls.
Translation of the Latin text. Narrow fusiform shell, solid, chalky white; probably fourteen whorls, apical …?, others (eleven) with three regular spiral cords, cancellated and impressed sutures, noduliferous in their junction, straight regular nodules, last whorl with four rows; ovate aperture; thick columella; slightly recurved short anterior siphonal canal.
Diagnosis. Syntype 10.4 mm high. Shell conical, with 13 whorls bearing three spiral cords with tubercles at the intersection with orthocline axial ribs. The second cord appears later on the teleoconch and attains full size only on the penultimate whorl. A thin smooth suprasutural spiral cord is also visible and attains full size on the base which has a fifth smooth spiral cord too. The peristome is missing, the siphonal canal appears moderately long. The protoconch is missing. The shell is whitish to yellowish but is very worn and colours may have faded away.
Remarks. The original description refers to several specimens found, of which only this one has been located so far. The study of more syntypes would be precious to unambiguously identify this species: Melvill and Standen described "three-ranked on all the upper whorls", but the syntype has the second spiral cord developing later along the teleoconch.

Species described by W.H. Pease
William H. Pease described 25 species of Triphoridae. He often sent shells to Hugh Cuming in London for identification; as a consequence of this correspondence, the types of eight species from the Hawaiian Islands are stored in the NHMUK : T. affinis, alternata, cingulifera, clavata, flammulata, fucata, incisa, and triticea, all Pease, 1861. The types of most of the other species are stored in the MCZ (Johnson 1994), but those of two species, T. cylindricus and punctatus, have not been located so far. The species here treated were described in volume 28 (1860) of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London but the actual year of publication is 1861 (Duncan 1937;Dickinson 2005). Pease rarely specified the number of specimens studied to describe the new species. Therefore, it is not straightforward to establish the status of "holotype" as done by , when apparently a single specimen has been located so far.
Original description. Shell elongately turreted, shining; whorls composed of three regular-sized rows of granules; canal short, tubular. Colour reddish brown.
Diagnosis. Lectotype 6.4 mm high. Shell conical with flat whorls. Teleoconch of 13 whorls with three tubercled spiral cords of which the first is weaker on the very first whorls. A very fine smooth suprasutural cord is also visible on the lower whorls. Almost orthocline axial ribs intersect the spiral cords to form the tubercles. Fine growth striae are visible in the interspaces. The last whorl has a fourth spiral cord between the second and the third. The peristome is broken. The siphonal canal is very short. The base has three smooth additional spiral cords. The holotype protoconch is clearly multispiral with at least three whorls, but it is apically very worn and thus it is difficult to precisely quantify the number of whorls. The last two are ornamented by two spiral keels and axial riblets. The shell is brown.

Figure 73
Triphoris alternata Pease 1861: 434, not illustrated. Original description. Shell turreted; whorls composed of three regular-sized rows of granules, the middle one of dark reddish brown, the remaining two of a waxy-yellow colour; base longitudinally striated; canal closed, tubular.

Type locality. "Sandwich Islands" (Hawaiian Islands
Diagnosis. Lectotype 6.2 mm high. Shell slightly cyrtoconoid, with very flat whorls. Teleoconch of ten whorls with three spiral cords bearing tubercles at the intersection with slightly prosocline axial ribs. The second cord develops later on the fifth whorl. Very fine growth lines are visible all along the shell. Peristome partly broken in the type specimens, but it apparently bears at least one additional spiral cord between the second and the third. Siphonal canal short. The base has a fourth weakly tubercled spiral cord and two more smooth ones. The apex is missing in the type series. The teleoconch has the first spiral cord very light brown, the second and the third brown and the interspace in between dark brown. The last whorl is very light brown with three distinct dark brown spiral stripes. Remarks. Lot NHMUK 1962817 contains two specimens. Both were listed as paralectotypes by , but they actually represent two species. The second (Fig.  73K) can be easily distinguished from T. alternata by its colour pattern (the first spiral cord and not the second is dark brown), the more numerous axial ribs and smaller tubercles. Triphoris alternata is a junior homonym of T. alternatus C.B. Adams, 1852 (ICZN 1999, Article 57). Therefore, Pease (1868) introduced Triphoris bicolor Pease, 1868 as a replacement name. A specimen with this name labelled as "holotype" is reported for the MCZ (50057). Jousseaume (1884) also later introduced Mastonia harperi to replace T. alternata.

Figure 74
Triphoris cingulifera Pease 1861: 434, not illustrated. Original description. Shell subulate; whorls about ten, ornamented by a row of granules at both margins, interstices concavely rounded, with a raised stria at the upper side, last whorl with three granulose ribs; canal short and tubular. Colour waxy-yellow, lower row of granules and ribs on last whorl purplish-red.

Type locality. "Sandwich Islands" (Hawaiian Islands
Diagnosis. Lectotype 5.6 mm high. Shell cyrtoconoid with flat whorls. Teleoconch of nine whorls bearing three spiral cords. The second develops later and remains much thin-  ner than the others all along the teleoconch. These cords bear tubercles and the intersections with the prosocline axial ribs. Growth lines are visible, especially between the ribs. The peristome bears numerous additional spiral cords and a deep posterior sinus. Siphonal canal relatively long. The base has a fourth tubercled spiral cord and two smoother ones. The apex is missing in the lectotype. The teleoconch background colour is yellowish-brown, the third, fourth and fifth spiral cord are dark brown. Remarks. MCZ 50056 is erroneously identified as the holotype in the MCZ ledger and in the online catalogue. Pease (1861) did not specify on how many specimens he based his description, but the multiple specimens in the H. Cuming collection suggest that he had more than one on which he based the description. Thus, the "holotype" remark in the MCZ ledger has no support and  lectotype designation should be regarded as valid.  listed seven paratypes in lot 1962813, but only four are currently present (as also noted by Kathie Way in 1983 on labels accompanying the shells).

Figure 75
Triphoris clavata Pease 1861: 434, not illustrated.  spirally, and bordered against the upper row of granules by a light ridge, obsoletely granulose; canal slightly recurved. Colour white or yellowish, interstices between the granules of a purplish or reddish brown, and spotted irregularly with the same.

Type locality. "Sandwich Islands" (Hawaiian Islands
Diagnosis. Lectotype 7.3 mm high. Shell weakly cyrtoconoid with flat whorls. Apical whorls broken off. The remaining eight whorls bear two strong spiral cords and a weaker one in second position which develops around mid-shell height. The cords bear tubercles at the interstic-es with prosocline axial ribs. A fine smooth suprasutural cord is also visible. Numerous very fine spiral cords are present in the interspaces of the main cords. The peristome is partly broken but likely bears weak additional spiral cords. The posterior siphonal sinus is deep and roundish. Siphonal canal rather long. The base has two additional tubercled spiral cords. The protoconch is missing. The shell has a whitish background colour with an orange-brown spiral band between the two main spiral cords with occasional darker blotches.    Original description. Shell elongately pyramidal; whorls twelve to fourteen, spirally carinately ribbed, ribs three, central one much the smallest, a rib of same size at the sutures; canal tubular, enclosed. Colour white, marked with spots and longitudinal flammules of light yellowish-brown.
Diagnosis. Lectotype 13.5 mm high. Shell conical with flat whorls. Apical part of the lectotype broken off, the visible teleoconch has 14 whorls with three very weakly tubercles to smooth spiral cords. The second cord develops near mid-shell height and remains small until the last whorl. A fine smooth suprasutural cord is slightly visible.
Growth lines are visible in the interspaces. The peristome shows a posterior sinus and additional spiral cords. The base has three more weakly tubercled spiral cords. Protoconch missing. Teleoconch background colour white with brown flammulae, siphonal canal brown.
Remarks.  reported four paralectotypes in lot NHMUK 1961176, but only three are now present. A 9 mm specimen that was measured by Kay is missing, as also noted by Kathie Way in 1983 on labels accompanying the lot.

Figure 77
Triphoris Original description. Shell elongate subulate; whorls sixteen to eighteen, with three granulose ribs and one much smaller at the suture; base subplanulate; canal short and recurved. Colour white, spotted irregularly with brown.
Diagnosis. Lectotype 9.5 mm high. Very elongated shell with flat whorls. Apical part broken off. The 17 visible teleoconch whorls have three spiral cords with tubercles and the intersections with slightly prosocline axial ribs. The second spiral cord appears later on the fourth teleoconch whorl. A suprasutural smooth cord is also clearly visible as well as numerous very fine spiral threads between the main cords. The posterior sinus is tubular and prominent. The peristome has additional spiral cords. The siphonal canal is long. The profile of the last whorl at the base is very angulated. The base has no additional cords after the fourth tubercled cord. Protoconch missing. Teleoconch background colour whitish with orange-brown blotches in the first shell half.

Remarks.
Lot NHMUK 1961172 contains two fragments, probably belonging to the single specimen reported by . This species is very similar to T. concors Hinds, 1843 (page 193). The lack of protoconchs impedes a final decision on the synonymy between these two entities.
Type locality. "Sandwich Islands" (Hawaiian Islands). Original description. Shell subulate; whorls encircled by three prominent smooth and regular ribs, interstices deep and very finely striated longitudinally, irregularly spotted and marbled with yellowish-white, brown, and purple of various shades.
Diagnosis. Lectotype 15.7 mm high. Shell slightly cyrtoconoid with flat whorls. Apical part broken off but the visible teleoconch (likely almost complete) has 15 whorls with three smooth spiral cords. The second develops later in the first whorls. The very first whorls have distinct tubercles on the cords. A smooth suprasutural cord is also clearly visible as well as growth lines between the cords. The peristome has additional spiral cords and a rather deep posterior sinus. The siphonal canal is long. The base has a fourth, fifth, sixth (narrow) and seventh spiral cord of which the fourth and the fifth are slightly tubercled, the others are smooth. Protoconch missing. Teleoconch brown, with the exception of the very first three whorls which are whitish to yellowish. The third spiral cord is usually lighter in colour. Small white blotches are randomly present on cords.
Original description. Shell minute, fusiformly ovate, ornamented throughout by spiral rows of regular-sized granules; aperture oval and in a line with the axis of the shell, lip slightly recurved and thickened (plicate on the inner side?); canal posterior, enclosed, tubular. Colour dark purplish-red, granules dusky white.
Diagnosis. Holotype 2.7 mm high. Shell cyrtoconoid, rather broad with flat whorls. The apex is broken off but the teleoconch (likely complete) has seven whorls with two spiral cords with large tubercles at the intersections with slightly opisthocline axial ribs. Growth lines are occasionally visible. The peristome has a deep posterior sinus and an additional tubercled spiral cord developing in second position on the last half of the last whorl. The siphonal canal is very short. The base has three additional tubercled spiral cords. The protoconch is missing. Teleoconch background colour dark brown, except the first two-three whorls which are yellowish. Tubercles progressively lighter along the shell until becoming pearl-grey on the last whorl. Interspaces usually darker except on the last whorl whose first spiral cord is entirely white.

Species described by E.A. Smith
Edgar A. Smith described 14 species of Triphoridae. The types of Triforis excellens E.A. Smith, 1903 andT. recta E.A. Smith, 1890 have not yet been found in the NHMUK. Because Smith spent his whole career curating the Mollusca collection at the Museum and did not own a private collection, the types of the species he described are thought to be mostly in the NHMUK (Trew 1993). Still, pending any statement by Smith in his works on the number of specimens he examined, we consider them syntypes and select lectotypes when appropriate.

Figure 80
Triforis atlantica The outlines of this species are a little convex. Only the penultimate and antepenultimate whorls have three distinct rows of granules, and of those the central one is the smallest. The granules of the lowermost series, or rather the interstices between them, are brown and the uppermost series is white.  Translation of the Latin text. Not very elongated shell, white, inferiorly with a dark brown zone; 13 whorls narrowly turreted, the uppermost minutely cancellated, the other flat with two or three rows of granules, five on the last with the lowest sligtly tuberculated; anterior siphon short, with a strong brownish carina; oblique aperture, ovate, canaliculated above; slightly incised peristome in its upper part, joined below with the large columellar callus. Height 6 mm, diameter 2 mm.
Diagnosis. Lectotype 4.5 mm high. Shell conical, with flat sides. Teleoconch of nine whorls (but apex missing) with two main spiral cords with tubercles at the intersection with prosocline axial ribs; a third cord develops in between at mid-shell height and attains full size only on the last whorl. Peristome broken and regrown in the lectotype; siphonal canal short. Base with two additional weakly tubercled cords and a smooth third. Protoconch absent in the lectotype, but reported to be multispiral (Rolán and Fernández-Garcés 2008). The first teleoconch whorls are white; the following with a white first and brown second spiral cord (with lighter tubercles). Base brown. (2008)  This species is peculiar on account of the deep suture and the distinct cancellation of the surface. The whorls, too, are convex, so that the central row of granules are most prominent. It is a much stouter shell than T. recta and has a different aperture.

Translation of the Latin text.
Not very elongated shell, white or pale dark; 11 slightly convex whorls, separated by a deep suture, with three almost equal spiral cords and about 26 longitudinal tuberculated cancellate lirae; last whorl with six rows; roundish ovate aperture; thin lip with a posterior sinus at the suture, joined with columella on the underside; short slightly recurved anterior siphon.
Diagnosis. Syntype 5 mm high. Shell conical with seven slightly convex whorls. The teleoconch with three spiral cords with tubercles at the intersection with almost orthocline axial ribs. A fourth suprasutural smooth cord is visible on the lower whorls. Peristome with no additional spiral cords and an indented posterior canal. Siphonal canal of moderate length. The fourth spiral cord becomes tuberculated on the base which bears two additional weakly tubercled cords. Protoconch apparently paucispiral of two whorls but too worn to observe the sculpture. Shell yellowish.

Figure 82
Triphora burnupi Smith 1910: 196, pl. 7, fig. 8 Of the four lirae upon the later whorls, that below the brown line is the most conspicuous and most distinctly gemmate. The lira or thread above the brown line is the most slender and faintly gemmate, and the lira above that is the least gemmate of all, and exhibits here and there only very faint traces of the light brown dotting which occurs between the gemmules on the other lirae.
Translation of the Latin text. Small, narrow, subulate shell, white with a dark brown line in the middle of the whorls, and marked with light brown between the gemmules on the spiral rows; 17 whorls, upper four brown, slightly lyrate longitudinally, the third and the fourth with two median spiral rows, from the fifth to the eighth two series of gemmules (the lower the greater), other decorated by four unequal lirae, lira under the brown line clearly gemmate; last whorl gemmate-carinated at the periphery, concave at its underside, with only one lira; round pyriform aperture; anterior siphon slanting, curved, closed at its end.
Height 7 mm, diameter 1.5 mm. Diagnosis. Syntype height 6.5 mm. Shell conical with flat sides. Teleoconch of 12 whorls bearing three main narrow and faintly tubercled spiral cords; a fourth is visible suprasuturally. The first four whorls bear better defined tubercles. Peristome with a quite deep slit-like posterior sinus and additional spiral cords appearing close to the lip. Base angular with a thick smooth spiral cord at the periphery. Siphonal canal long. Protoconch multispiral of probably four whorls but the apical part is worn in the syntype. The last three whorls bear axial riblets; a spiral keel is present on the third last whorl and two on the other whorls. Background colour pinkish-white with a brown mid-whorl band; protoconch brown.

Figure 83
Trifora cerea E.A. Smith 1906: 43, pl. 7, figs 11, 11a. Type locality. Port Shepstone, Natal, South Africa.    Of a uniform yellow wax colour, ornamented with four rows of granules on each whorl, the lowest row being the smallest, and the two central series rather more prominent than the uppermost row.
Translation of the Latin text. Subulate shell, yellowish, bright; 14 (?) whorls, convex, encircled by four tubercu-lated spiral cords, the greater two in the middle, costulated obliquely between cords; last with six cords, the two lower ones barely tuberculated; columella arched above, covered by a rather large callus; short anterior siphon, slanting, curved, not closed; extended lip, slightly dentate at the end of the cords.
Diagnosis. Syntype 7.1 mm high (but apical part missing). Shell conical with slightly convex sides. Teleoconch with at least nine whorls bearing three spiral cords with tubercles at the intersection with slightly prosocline axial ribs. The second cord is less pronounced in the first whorl of the type specimen, suggesting that the second cord develops later than the others. A fourth smooth spiral cord is visible suprasuturally. Peristome showing a faint additional spiral cord between the second and the third, but too worn to enable the description of the posterior sinus. Siphonal canal short. The fourth spiral cord is smooth on the base, which bears a fifth, again smooth, cord. The periphery of the last whorl is quite angulated. Protoconch absent in the syntype. Teleoconch yellow to light orange.
Remarks. The date of publication of this paper follows Trew (1993).

Figure 84
Triphoris conspersus E.A. Smith 1875: 106, not illustrated. Type locality. "Cape Sima" (Shima Peninsula, Mie Prefecture), Japan. Hab. Cape Sima, 18 fathoms, sand and broken shells. This is a very pretty species, and appears to be undescribed hitherto, the above name being probably but a manuscript one attached to specimens in Cuming's collection.
Translation of the Latin text. Small shell, elongated, slightly convex; about 16 whorls encircled by three series of granules (the apical whitish and brownish spotted, the intermediate fainter than the others, whitish, the abapical light violet); distinct suture, canaliculated; last whorl with three carinae under the rows of granules; aperture round ovate; anterior siphon short, curved.

Diagnosis.
Syntypes ranging between 4.5 and 6.5 mm high. Shell conical, with flat whorls. Teleoconch up to 13 whorls bearing three spiral cords bearing tubercles at the intersection with prosocline axial ribs. The second cord develops on the seventh whorl and attains full size only on the last whorl. Suture impressed. Not a single specimen of the type series bears a complete peristome which can be described. Base with two additional smooth thin spiral cords. Siphonal canal long. Protoconch multispiral. The last three whorls present in a specimen of the type series bear a single strong spiral keel and axial riblets. Background teleoconch colour white with orange-brown blotches and the third spiral row which can tend to purple. Protoconch brown.
Remarks. E.A. Smith stated that this name was "a manuscript one attached [by A. Adams] to specimens in the Cuming's collection". Only lot NHMUK 196545 comes from the Cuming's collection, as reported on a modern label; it bears only "Japan" as the locality. However, the lot NHMUK 1873.8.6.135 bears an old label with the same locality data as stated in the original description ("Cape Sima, 18 fms", Fig. 84H) and another one with the name of J.G. Jeffreys on it. Two additional lots come from the H. Adams collection: 1878.1.28.435 and 1878.1.28.450. Their inventory numbers suggest they were deposited in the NHMUK after the species was described. Moreover, the latter at least (Fig. 84K) does not seem to be T. conspersus because of its smaller tubercles, which are whitish on a brown teleoconch background colour instead of white with brown spots ("suprema albida, hic illic fusco-maculata").
Due to the uncertainty about what material E.A. Smith had examined at the time of preparing the species' description, we refrain from selecting a lectotype.

Figure 85
Trifora convexa E.A. The suture is marked by the lira which encircles the periphery of the body-whorl, and winds up the spire at, but above the actual suture.

Translation of the Latin text.
Small shell, brown, with whitish apex; 10 convex whorls, the uppermost two pale, light, the other with three granulated cords, the lower two more conspicuous, separated by a threadlike suture, the last rounded at its periphery, with six cords; extended lip; columella covered by a large translucent callus, curved above.
Diagnosis. Syntype NHMUK 1903.12.19.1084 ( Fig.  85A-F) 5 mm high. Shell conical with seven rounded whorls bearing three solid spiral cords with weak nodules at the intersection with orthocline axial ribs. A fourth thin smooth cord can be seen suprasuturally. Peristome incomplete, apparently without additional spiral cords. Base with three large flat spiral cords similar in appearance to those on the whorls. Siphonal canal short. Protoconch paucispiral. The transition between protoconch and teleoconch is very difficult to recognize because the apex is worn, but the protoconch is apparently less than two whorls, the first being smooth and the second with a fine suprasutural smooth spiral cord. Teleoconch brown to orange; protoconch lighter, almost white.     Longit. 11.5 millim.,diam. 2.25. Some of the specimens named T. cingulatus, A. Ad., by Mr. Sowerby (Marine Shells of S. Africa, p. 36), belong to the present species. None of them agree with Adams' species, which was described from the Red Sea, and has strong longitudinal sculpture between the spirals.

Trifora fuscescens E.A. Smith, 1904
Translation of the Latin text. Small shell, slender, brownish, with four spiral cords; the uppermost row larger than the others, almost flat, the others rather similarly rounded; about 18 whorls, nearly flat, the last with seven weakly granulated cords crossed by growth lines near the aperture; small subquadrate aperture, anteriorly with a very short oblique sinus; thin lip, posteriorly indented near the suture, in the middle lightly flared, with faint marginal crenulations.
Diagnosis. Syntype NHMUK 1903.12.19.1087 86A-E) 9.1 mm high. Very slender shell, slightly cyrtoconoid. Teleoconch of 14 flat whorls bearing four thick flat spiral cords made up of coalescent tubercles. A fifth thin smooth cord is visible between the second and the third on the last few whorls but never attains full size. A thin smooth cord is also visible suprasuturally. Base with three additional cords similar in appearance to those on the whorls. Peristome with a deep posterior sinus. Siphonal canal short. Protoconch paucispiral with a large smooth first whorl followed by two whorls with three smooth spiral cords. Transition with teleoconch poorly marked. Teleoconch orange to brown; protoconch white.  The typical form is more distinctly blotched with brown than the variety.
Translation of the Latin text. Elongated shell, slender, white, with irregular brown spots; about 20 nearly flat whorls, growing slowly, with four tuberculated cords, the two in the middle larger than others, longitudinally grooved, subcancellated, the last with three granulated cords under its periphery; aperture subquadrate, anteriorly with a very short oblique sinus; columella superiorly arched covered by a thin callus.
Height 17 mm, diameter 3.5 mm. Variety in pl. iii, fig. 8, shell more slender, smaller, with three cords. The uppermost of the same size, clearly tightly tuberculated.
Diagnosis. Lectotype 14.4 mm high. Shell conical with flat sides and obsolete sutures. The lectotype lacks the apical part. The remaining teleoconch has 12 whorls bearing four thin spiral cords with faint tubercles at the intersection with faint prosocline axial ribs. Numerous fine spiral striae are visible in the wide interspaces. Peristome badly damaged. Periphery angulated at the base, which bears four additional weakly sculptured spiral cords. Siphonal canal damaged but apparently short. Protoconch missing. Teleoconch white with orange blotches.

Remarks.
In the box of this lot there is a capsule with two specimens of T. fuscomaculata s.s. and a second capsule with four specimens of a variety that E.A. Smith cited but not fully described in his work (1904). These four shells (Fig. 87K-N) have well-defined tubercles and an impressed suture which qualify them as a distinct species. Therefore, we have designated a lectotype which closely matches the original figure to stabilize the nomenclature.
Like T. excellens, this species has three keels upon each whorl, but they are not so equal, the uppermost being a trifle more slender than the others. The latter also are slightly affected by faint longitudinal depressions giving them an obscurely beaded appearance. The body-whorl is bicarinate at the periphery and has three or four lirae beneath. As in the preceding species, the space between the second and third keel is a little broader than that which separates the first and second, and the suture is filo-lirate.

Translation of the Latin text.
Shell similar to T. excellens, but more slender, the two lower cords are slightly undulated, white with irregular brown spots.
Diagnosis. Syntype 29.4 mm high. Shell conical, very elongated; apical part missing. The remaining teleoconch has 23 whorls bearing two main thin weakly tubercled spiral cords; two more thin ones are visible sub-and suprasuturally. Base with three additional faint spiral cords. Peristome with a shallow posterior sinus. Siphonal canal slightly elongated. Protoconch missing. Teleoconch white with narrow orange vertical flecks.
Remarks. The general appearance and sculpture is very similar to T. smithi G.B. Sowerby III, 1904, although the latter lacks the orange flecks observable in T. gracilior. E.A. Smith (1916) suggested that T. smithi is a synonym of T. gracilior.   A general glance at this pretty species gives the impression that the whorls have each two adjacent rows of large granules. Such however is not the case. It is the lower row in one whorl being adjacent to the upper one in another (the linear suture being between) that gives this appearance, the unspotted and more slender median lirae also lending to the effect. This lira gradually dies out as it ascends the spire, so that the upper whorls have only two rows of equal sized granules. This species also occurs at the Mauritius (Brit. Mus.).

Translation of the Latin text.
Shell pupoid-elongate, pointed at the top, yellowish and white tuberculated cords, spotted with red among tubercles; about 15 whorls: the upper ones with two equal tuberculated cords; a few lower ones with a median thin cord, lightly lilac and barely granose, separated by a linear suture, microscopically spirally striated; the last lilac near the base, which has three additional nodose cords, spotted by red; oblique aperture, pyriform; small anterior siphon, dextral, semiclosed.
Length 10½ mm, diameter 3½ mm. Diagnosis. Syntype 7.8 mm high. Shell cyrtoconoid, apex missing in the syntype. Teleoconch with 11 flat whorls with two main spiral cords bearing tubercles at the intersection with orthocline axial ribs. Another spiral cord develops at mid shell height in the wide interspace between the main two, but remains much thinner than the others. An additional fourth narrow smooth cord is visible suprasuturally. The interspaces are filled by numerous thin spiral and axial threads giving a cancellate microsculpture until the penultimate whorl, where the axial sculpture fades away. Peristome with one additional spiral cord and a deep posterior sinus. Siphonal canal long. Base showing a fifth and sixth weakly sculptured spiral cords. Protoconch missing. Teleoconch white to pink with the main spiral cordswith orange blocks with interspaces between tubercles usually darker.
Type material. Syntypes: NHMUK 1903.9.17.14: 1 specimen (glued on paper), Maldive Islands. Of the three spirals the uppermost is a little stouter than the lowermost and the central one is rather finer than the latter. The granules form oblique rows of three, being connected by the longitudinal costae. The suture is thread-like.
Translation of the Latin text. Elongated shell, white, cancellated, granose; about 20 whorls, nearly flat, encircled by three unequal tuberculated spiral rows (the intermediate the least), ribbed longitudinally among the rows, the last whorl with six cords (with two additional ones near the lip); anterior siphon dextral, closed, slender; aperture irregularly ovate, oblique; lip anteriorly projecting, posteriorly retracting; columella covered by a rather thick bent callus.
Diagnosis. Syntype 14.1 mm high. Shell slightly cyrtoconoid, syntype without the apex. Teleoconch of minimum 13 flat whorls with three spiral cords with faint tubercles at the intersections with prosocline axial ribs; the first cord is remarkably thicker than the other two. A fourth smooth suprasutural cord is easily visible. Peristome with an additional spiral cord and a shallow posterior sinus. Base with two weakly tubercled spiral cords and an additional narrow one between the fourth and the fifth. Siphonal canal long. Protoconch missing. Teleoconch pure white.

Figure 91
Trifora shepstonensis E.A. The spiral ridges are crossed by oblique shallow sulci so as to produce a somewhat beaded appearance.
Translation of the Latin text. Elongated shell, subulate, brownish; about 15 flat whorls, with three cords more or less moniliform, the intermediate less than the others, crossed by longitudinal striae inside the cord interspaces, last whorl with 5 cords. Small aperture, white; lip thin sometimes projecting, reaching anteriorly the columella; columella arched above, covered by a rather thick bent callus; anterior siphon short, oblique, curved. Height 10 mm, diameter 2.5 mm.
Diagnosis. Lectotype 7.9 mm high. Shell slightly cyrtoconoid. Teleoconch of 11 whorls with three spiral cords bearing coalescent tubercles. A very fine smooth spiral cord is visible suprasuturally. Peristome damaged and repaired in the lectotype. Siphonal canal short. Base with a fifth weakly sculptured spiral cord. The apex is very worn in the lectotype, but based on the very broad first teleoconch whorl, the species may bear a paucispiral protoconch. Teleoconch pinkish with a brown suture.
Remarks. The date of publication of E.A.  paper follows Trew (1993). The type collection contained also lot NHMUK 1927.2.9.323-325 (Fig. 91I-K) whose specimens lack the typical coalescent tubercles of T. shepstonensis and certainly belong to a different species. Therefore, we designated a lectotype which closely matches the original figure to stabilize the nomenclature.

Species described by G.B. Sowerby III
George B. Sowerby III described eight species of Triphoridae, of which only Triforis innocens G.B. Sowerby III, 1921 was not found in NHMUK; this species was described from Port Alfred, South Africa, and based on the material from W.H. Turton. Sowerby also described Triforis abnormalis in 1903, which is a member of the Newtoniellidae (currently: Ataxocerithium abnormale).
Hab.-New Caledonia (Bouge). Shell light reddish brown, shining, closely and beautifully beaded in three rows on each whorl, spotted with brown between the beads of the lower rows; the whorls are separated by a channelled suture, in which may be observed a crenulated ridge; the last whorl has two narrow crenulated keels at the base.
Translation of the Latin text. Elongated and rather convex sinistral shell with acuminate apex, shining, light reddish brown spotted with brown; 16-17 strongly convex whorls with three strong beaded rows, with the third row spotted with brown between the beads, channelled suture with a crenulated ridge; last whorl obtusely angulated and with two narrow crenulated keels at the base; siphonal ca-nal short, large, deviate; subquadrate, oblique peristome. Length 10, diameter 2.5 mm.
Locality: New Caledonia (Bouge) Diagnosis. Lectotype height 7.6 mm. Shell slightly cyrtoconoid with flat whorls. Teleoconch of 12 whorls with three spiral cords with tubercles at the intersection with orthocline axial ribs. The second cord starts on the fifth whorl as a fine thread and is fully developed on the last three whorls only. A fourth smooth suprasutural cord is visible as well as very fine spiral and faint axial threads in interspaces. An additional spiral cord runs on the peristome between the second and the third. Siphonal canal short. The base has one additional weakly granulated spiral cord and an obsolete one running on the siphonal canal. Protoconch missing in the type series. Background colour yellowish to light brown; the third spiral cord bears a characteristic colouration of white tubercles and brown interspaces.   third specimen (1907.8.28.48) very similar in overall shape and sculpture, but with a thin brown line on the third spiral cord rather than white tubercles with brown interspaces. It is unclear if this difference has relevance to discriminate between species, but because Sowerby clearly specified the presence of brown spots between the tubercles rather than a continuous line, we have selected a lectotype fitting the original description to stabilize the nomenclature. Original description. Testa sinistrorsa, elongato-acuminata, ad apicem acutissima, albida, hic illic fusco minute punctata, ad apicem brunnea; anfractus circa 18, embryonales 5-6 planato-declives, leaves, sequentes cingulis spiralibus gemmates 2 (interdum lira minuta interveniente) ornate, sutura impressa discreti; ultimus quadriseriatim gemmatus, infra angulatus, prope aperturam tubulatim forato munitus, ad basin depressus; rostrum crassiusculum, oblique recurvum; aperture parva, subcircularis; labrum tenue. Long. 5.5, diam. 1.12 mm.
The principal feature distinguishing this species is that the embryonic whorls, numbering 5 or 6, are dark brown, showing conspicuously against the whiteness of the subsequent whorls.
Translation of the Latin text. Elongate slender sinistral shell with a very sharp apex, whitish with sparse small brown dots, and with a brown apex; about 18 whorls, 5-6 flat-sloping away embryonic, subsequent with two beaded spiral rows (sometimes with a fine lira in between), impressed suture; last whorl with four rows, angulated at the base, with a tubular aperture near the peristome, with a depressed base; rather obtuse, recurved siphonal canal; small subcircular aperture, thin external lip. Length 5.5, diameter 1.12 mm.
Diagnosis. Syntypes ranging between 4.6 and 5.9 mm high and show considerable variation in adult shell size. Shell cyrtoconoid with flat whorls. Teleoconch of 10-13 whorls, with three spiral cords bearing tubercles at the intersections with prosocline axial ribs. The second cord appears on the fifth whorl as a narrow thread and always remains smaller than the other cords. A fourth smooth suprasutural cord is visible throughout the shell. Between the main cords run numerous fine finely tubercled spiral ribs. The peristome is well developed with additional spiral cords between the main ones. Posterior sinus well developed and protruding as a very short canal. Anterior canal quite long. Base almost flat, with a sharp angle at the periphery marked by a faint smooth spiral cord. Multispiral protoconch of six whorls; the first almost smooth, the second with numerous pustules abapically and short axial riblets apically, and the third with numerous riblets and a single spiral keel which become two in the remaining whorls. Teleoconch whitish to very light brown, first two or three whorls pure white; protoconch brown. This species may be recognized by the dark-brown bands on each whorl; the gem-like nodules common to many species are arranged in two prominent rows, with a narrow intervening crenulated ridge; on the last whorl they are smaller and closer, forming six ridges.

Translation of the Latin text.
Elongate sinistral shell with a sharp apex, dark-brown banded; 18 light convex whorls with two rows of gem-like rounded nodules (a narrow intervening ridge), impressed suture; last whorl short, with 6 small gemmulated lirae, slightly slanting near its basis; small aperture, obliquely subtrigonal; thin external lip with a posterior sinum. Length 6, diameter 1.5 mm.
Diagnosis. Syntype 5.3 mm high. Shell conical with flat whorls. Teleoconch of 12 whorls with three spiral cords with tubercles at the intersection with slightly prosocline axial ribs. The second cord starts in the lower part of the shell as a fine thread and never fully develops to the size of the others. Fine axial threads are visible in the interspaces. Peristome incomplete in the syntype, with faint additional spiral cords. Siphonal canal short. The base bears two additional smooth spiral cords. Protoconch incomplete, but clearly multispiral; the three visible whorls have numerous axial ribs and a single spiral keel. Teleoconch whorls dark brown apically and light brown to whitish abapically. Base very light brown to white, siphonal canal brown. Protoconch hyaline, but worn in the syntype.    Original description. Testa sinistrorsa, elongato-acuminata, nigro-fusca; spira elata, leviter convexa; anfractus 12, bi-seriatim pustulati; pustulis rotundatis, glabratis, inaequalibus; anfractus ultimus breviusculus, circiter sex-soriatim pustulatus; rostrum valide reflexum. Apertura subquadrata; labrum tenue, minute crenulatum; columella obliqua.
In general form and appearance this shell differs but little from small dark-coloured specimens of the European T. perversa, but the nodulous spiral ridges are more unequal and irregular, and not interrupted by longitudinal furrows. A few specimens of this species were brought from Hongkong many years ago by the late Surgeon-Major R. Hungerford, but until now it has remained nameless.

Translation of the Latin text.
Elongate slender darkbrown sinistral shell; high spire slightly convex; 12 whorls with two ridges of rounded smooth irregular pustules; rather short last whorl with about six series of pustules; anterior siphon very reflected. Subquadrate aperture; light external lip slightly crenulated; slanting columella.
Diagnosis. Syntype 5.6 mm. Shell conical, with flat sides. Teleoconch of 11 whorls bearing two spiral cords with tubercles at the intersection with slightly prosocline axia ribs. Beginning on the seventh whorl, a fine spiral thread develops between the two major cords but fully develops only on the last whorl. A very fine smooth suprasutural cord is also visible as well as fine axial threads in the interspaces. Peristome with a shallow posterior sinus and additional spiral cords between the main ones. Siphonal canal short. Base with two smooth spiral cords. Protoconch missing. Teleoconch brown with lighter first whorls and tubercles.
Remarks. The original description refers to "a few specimens", but only one was found in the NHMUK. The other specimens may have been sold and dispersed. Trifora hungerfordi closely resembles Triforis fusca Dunker, 1860 (Albano and Bakker 2016). However, caution is necessary in establishing these as synonyms because of the lack of the protoconch. In the Indo-Pacific, species with morphologically indistinguishable teleoconchs may have entirely different protoconch types (P.G. Albano and P.A.J. Bakker pers. obs.).

Figure 96
Triforis picturatus G.B. Sowerby III 1901: 210, pl. 22, fig. 11 A pretty species, neatly sculptured and nodule, streaked and spotted with blackish brown; with a brown tubular rostrum placed obliquely away from the aperture, on the right hand side of the shell.

Translation of the Latin text.
Elongate sinistral slender shell, white with blackish-brown spots and dark apex; 18 flat, barely concave whorls with three sharp spiral lirae, angulated and pustulated anteriorly with alternating darkbrown and white pustules; last whorl short, biangulated, barely concave, dark siphonal canal placed obliquely right from aperture; small subquadrate aperture; light serrated external lip. Length 9, diameter 2.5 mm.
Diagnosis. Syntypes 7.6 and 9.4 mm high. Conical shell with flat whorls. Teleoconch of 12 whorls with three spiral narrow cords that bear oblong tubercles in the first whorls. Such tubercles soon become a continuous weakly ondulated spiral cord. A fourth smooth cord is barely visible suprasuturally. Between the main cords, many fine spiral and axial threads are visible. Peristome rebuilt after breakage in one syntype and incomplete in the other but it apparently bears additional spiral cords and a shallow posterior sinus. Base with two additional undulate spiral cords and foliaceous axial riblets. Siphonal canal large and moderately long. Protoconch missing. Teleoconch brown with white blotches and tubercles. Base brown. Operculum horny, thin, ovate, paucispiral of about 2 whorls, nucleus a little eccentric, periphery thinner and only very little upturned.
Remarks. Syntype NHMUK 1901.10.3.89 was collected live and contains the dried animal inside. The operculum was extracted and photographed.

Figure 97
Triphora princeps G.B. Sowerby III 1904: 174-175, figured. Type locality. Not reported.  Hab.-? This is by far the largest known species of the genus. Unfortunately, with the unique specimen there is no indication of its habitat, but it is not improbable it may have been dredged off Ascension Island, as it was found in Admiral Keppel's cabinet in close proximity to shells so labelled. Besides its remarkable size, the shell is very distinct in character. The longitudinal brown pitted grooves intersect the spiral ridges, causing the most prominent ones to assume the form of transversely oblong nodules. There is a very small young shell of this species in the British Museum, from the Cuming Collection.

Translation of the Latin text.
A straw-like very elongated sinistral shell posteriorly dark-brown with several a little obliquely longitudinal lines dark red in colour; about 40 flat whorls with longitudinal scars slightly slanting and pitted here and there, four pseudo-nodulose spiral cords somewhat irregular, unequal, being the two anterior more developed; last whorl rather sharply angulated at the base with a bicarinated edge, restricted and concave under the periphery, two rather strong carinae; bent long siphonal canal, subquadrate aperture; thin outer lip. Length 57, greater diameter 7 mm.

Diagnosis.
Holotype 58 mm, among the largest Triphoridae. Extremely elongated conical shell, with flat whorls. Teleoconch of ca 40 whorls, initially with three weakly nodulose spiral cords. In the lower part of the shell, a fourth cord between the second and third and a fifth suprasutural cord are visible, both weakly nodulose. The holotype is a subadult and, therefore, the peristome is not fully developed. Siphonal canal long with two smooth cords on it. Base with one prominent but weakly sculptured additional cord and two faint ones. Protoconch incomplete in the holotype, but may be paucispiral; the visible whorl has two strong smooth keels. Teleoconch elegantly coloured, with a brown background and white flammules, dark brown interspaces.
Remarks. The NHMUK 196547 specimen (Fig. 97F) is most likely the "very small young shell of this species in the British Museum, from the Cuming collection" cited by Sowerby as also S.P. Dance observed in 1965 (note on labels accompanying the specimen). However, this specimen has a coarser sculpture and different colour pattern and we do not consider it conspecific.  NHMUK 1904.12.23.147: front (B), side (C), back (D), original labels (E), protoconch (G), peristome (H). F, I Specimen NHMUK 196547 cited by Sowerby as "very small young shell" but belonging to a different species: front (F), original labels (I). Scale bars: B-D: 10 mm; F: 5 mm.

Translation of the Latin text.
A straw-like pale elongated sharp sinistral shell, about 35 plain whorls with 2-4 light and acute spiral cords differently slender; trilirate last whorl obtusely angulated with a bicarinate angle and a light convexity under it; bend siphonal canal rather short; subquadrate aperture; thin outer lip. Length 33, larger diameter 5 mm.
Diagnosis. Holotype 32 mm, but lacks the apex. Elongated conical shell with flat whorls. Teleoconch of 21 whorls (but the original description states 35, suggesting that the apical part may have got broken after the description). Whorls with three smooth spiral cords, the first smaller, but present since the early teleoconch. A fourth smooth suprasutural cord is also visible. Peristome not fully developed in the holotype. Siphonal canal long. Base with one additional smooth spiral cord. Protoconch missing. Teleoconch whitish with greyish interspaces between cords.
Remarks. The general appearance and sculpture is very similar to T. gracilior E.A. Smith, 1903, although the latter has orange flecks not observable in T. smithi. E.A. Smith (1916) suggested that T. smithi is a synonym of T. gracilior.

Species described by J.R. le B. Tomlin
Four species of Triphoridae were described by John Read le Brockton Tomlin. The type material of three of these species was found in the NHMUK: Viriola alboguttata Tomlin, 1926, Triphora alexandri Tomlin, 1931, and T. hemileuca Tomlin, 1931. No type material was found of Euthymia latisinuata Tomlin, 1931. Triphora barnardi Tomlin, 1945 was introduced as a nomen novum for T. capensis Thiele, 1925, which is preoccupied by Triphoris capensis Bartsch, 1915. The Tomlin collection was deposited in NMW (Trew 1990); we refrain from making any lectotype designations here until we are able to see that material.
Original description. Shell sinistral, consisting of 13½ whorls, 4½ of which form the protoconch; the whorls of the protoconch have an extremely sharp, central, raised keel, from each side of which numerous short, raised, waved lines run to the sutures at right angles; the other nine whorls have a series of three outstanding spiral cords equally spaced; the two outer cords are of much the same strength throughout, but the central one starts as quite a fine line and approximates gradually to the strength of the other two; the interstices between the cords are crossed at right angles by fine raised lines, which are more distant than those on the protoconch and not waved.
The colour of the protoconch is dark reddish, that of the rest of the shell light chocolate brown, the uppermost of the 3 spiral cords being spotted broadly with white at regular intervals-about 4 or 5 times on each whorl.
At the summit of the aperture there is a strong sinus, and the interior is marked with three pairs of brown lines running outwards to the edge of the peristome.
This distinct little species belongs, together with ima Bartsch and fuscescens Smith, to Jousseaume's genus Viriola, which is exactly analogous to Seila in having a spiral ribs plain, without tubercles.
Diagnosis. Syntype 4.4 mm high. Shell conical with flat sides. Teleoconch of eight whorls with three smooth spiral cords. The second cord develops initially as a fine thread and attains full size only on the last whorl. Among the spiral cords, orthocline obsolete axial ribs are visible. Peristome with additional spiral cords and a pronounced posterior sinus. Siphonal canal short. Base with four additional smooth spiral cords. Protoconch multispiral of five whorls; the first two with tiny granules, the last three with a strong spiral keel and axial riblets. Colour brown with white blotches more pronounced on the first spiral cord. Kay, 1979 (p. 215) is a junior synonym.
Original description. Shell with 15½ whorls, whereof 1½ are protoconch-the extreme apex is missing and would probably add one more whorl to protoconch; what is left shows a sharp, central keel with rather distant axial lines. This sculpture gradually develops on the postnuclear whorls into two rows of very regular tubercles, the upper row pale brown and the lower white; the last seven whorls have three rows, of which the upper two are pale brown; the white row throughout is obviously the strongest. Sutures marked by a raised line; periphery with a tubercled keel; base pale brown, with 3 keels encircling the canal; canal reflexed. Diagnosis. Available syntype 7.4 mm high. Shell cyrtoconoid. Teleoconch of 13 whorls with three spiral cords bearing tubercles at the intersection with prosocline axial ribs. Suture deep. Peristome incomplete without additional spiral cords. Posterior sinus not observable. Siphonal canal long. Base with three narrow, almost smooth spiral cords. Protoconch broken in the available syntype, but its last whorl is present and suggests a multispiral type with one spiral keel and axial riblets. Background teleoconch colour light brown, with lighter tubercles and white third spiral cord and first two teleoconch whorls. The remaining protoconch whorl light brown.
Remarks. The original figure closely matches with this specimen, including also in having the protoconch in-complete. No other type specimens were reported in the NMW (Trew 1990).  Original description. Shell with a protoconch of 3 whorls, which are irregularly crossed by axial riblets; protoconch and next three whorls cream-white, last six whorls brown-black; there are twelve whorls in all, of which nos. 4 to 7 have a prominent central keel, cut into tubercles by numerous axial riblets, and fine spi-ral lines above and below the keel. The last five whorls have three tuberculiferous keels, one immediately below the suture, and two on the lower half of the whorl very close together and only separated by a fine groove, the interspaces being filled with fine spirals as before. Periphery sharply keeled; base of shell and canal much lighter brown.
Hab.-Port Shepstone (Burnup). This specimen is unique, but is so extraordinarily perfect in every way that I do not hesitate to describe it. There is the usual raised line round the suture, and a considerable interval between the uppermost keel and the two lower ones on each whorl. The coloration will at once be recognizable.
Diagnosis. Holotype height 5.4 mm. Shell cyrtoconoid, with eight weakly rounded teleoconch whorls with three spiral cords. The second develops on the fourth whorl.
Tubercles are present at the intersection with orthocline axial ribs. Two or three fine spiral threads are visible in the interspace between the main spiral cords. Peristome with a moderately deep posterior sinus and no additional spiral cords. Siphonal canal short. Base with two additional weakly tubercled spiral cords. Protoconch paucispiral with 2.5 whorls with wavy thick axial ribs and interspaces smaller than the ribs. Colour deep brown. The proconch and the first two teleoconch whorls are pure white.

Remarks.
No other type specimens were reported for the NMW (Trew 1990).

Species described by W.H. Turton
William H. Turton deposited large sets of his South African collections in the OUMNH in Oxford including "… the Types of the 625 new species and varieties, which I have named myself…" (Turton 1932: xiv). Turton depos-  ited material at the USNM and repeatedly tried to send shells to the NHMUK, but they were often refused with his great disappointment. Eventually, however, he managed to send material to the NHMUK (Turton 1932: x). Unfortunately, the type material of his South African triphorids was prepared for loan to the first author in 2014 but the package apparently never left the Museum and was not found any more. All types should be regarded as lost (S. De Grave pers. comm. October 2015). Therefore, we here illustrate and describe the lots of Turton's species present in the NHMUK; such shells, however, shall not be considered type specimens, because Turton clearly stated that the the type material was sent to Oxford. We found specimens of three species: T. apicibulbus Turton, 1932, T. retusa Turton, 1932, and T. rufanensis Turton, 1932.   Original description. The shape of the shell is narrowly conic; 1 minute and 2 bulbous nuclear whorls, the remaining 8 very slightly globular. The surface is marked by 3 rows of tubercles on each whorl, and there are 2 basal cords. The colour is white, except the base, which is light brown. The size of the type is 6 ×1.5 mm. The shell grows up to 8 mm, but the larger ones do not show the sculpturing so plainly. Characteristics. Near 860, [Triphora] madria, though wider, with only 2 basal cords. It is wider than 858, [Triphora] innocens. But the brown colour at the base best distinguishes it; and also the very bulbous protoconch, the last nuclear whorl being larger than the succeeding one. This gives it a curious appearance, and I think justifies the name. It is true that [T.] madria has something like it, as noticed by Bartsch, but not nearly so pronounced. I attach two photos, the smaller shell, 4 mm, showing this better than the other. Diagnosis. Height range 5.5-6.1 mm. Shell slightly cyrtoconoid, with flat sides. Teleoconch of ca 10 whorls with three strong spiral cords, all visible since the first whorl, with coalescent tubercles which on the last whorls look like continuous bands. Siphonal canal short. Base with two-three additional smooth spiral cords. Paucispiral protoconch of 1.5 whorls, apparently smooth but the specimens are worn. Shell white in colour.  Original description. The shape is broadly conic; 1 very small nuclear whorl, with 5 others nearly straight; aperture large, nearly circular, and rather projecting; apex very blunt. The surface is covered with 3 rows of tubercles on each whorl. The colour is yellowish brown; and the size 2 × 1 mm. Characteristics. A little shell near [Triphora] sabita but smaller, more broadly conic, with a much blunter apex, and more projecting aperture. Though so small it seems to be full-grown, as I found about a dozen specimens, the type being the largest.

Triphora retusa Turton, 1932
Diagnosis. Specimen 1.1 mm high, but it is clearly a juvenile with just three post-metamorphic whorls, which bear two spiral cords with granules at the intersection with faint orthocline axial ribs. Paucispiral protoconch of one whorl, apparently smooth, but very worn. Shell brown in colour.  Original description. The shape of the shell is narrowly conic; with rather a blunt apex; 1 nuclear whorl, broken, and 10 others which are straight. The surface is marked by 3 nodulous cords on each whorl, and there are 3 basal cords. The colour is white, and glistening; and the size 5 × 1.6 mm. Characteristics. It is near 869, whitechurchi, but more broadly conic, and much smaller.

Triphora rufanensis Turton, 1932
Diagnosis. The available specimen is 4.7 mm high, but subadult. Conical shell with flat sides. Teleoconch of eight whorls with three spiral cords clearly visible since the first whorl and with nodules at the intersection with the slightly prosocline axial ribs. Peristome not preserved and the specimen is subadult, thus without base. Apex badly worn, but apparently paucispiral of 1.5 whorls which bears three smooth spiral cords on after the first half whorl. White shell with small brown marks.

Species described by J.C. Verco
Joseph C. Verco introduced 16 new triphorid names. In the NHMUK, we found specimens of eight species. Although Verco donated his collection to the South Australian Museum (Dance 1966;Cotton 1933), he sent some specimens to the NHMUK, as reported in the museum's register. This register contains entries of several families, suggesting that Verco sent several lots of many taxa to the NHMUK, as reported by E.A.  for some "Pleurotomidae" (Turridae s.l.). Verco often listed several specimens as part of the type series. Moreover, some labels and register entries report that the shells in the NHMUK are "co-types", which shall be considered syntypes according to Article 72.4.6 of the Code (ICZN 1999). In his work on South Australian Triphoridae, Marshall (1983) discussed most of Verco's names but probably was not aware of these syntypes. Most of Marshall's "holotype" records are actually lectotype designations according to Article 74.6 of the Code (ICZN 1999), and the syntypes are now paralectotypes according to Article 74.1.3. Marshall included accurate descriptions; therefore, we refrain here from adding additional diagnostic notes.  Original description. Shell solid, elongate-conic. Protoconch of 4 whorls, convex, centrally carinate, the fourth with two approximate carinae; crowded fine axial bars, concave forward above the carinae, straight below. Spirewhorls twelve, sloping, the first four with two spiral rows Figure 102. Triphora apicibulbus Turton, 1932, Port Alfred, South Africa, NHMUK 1933   of pearls; in the fifth a lira appears between them, and becomes gradually as large as the others; the tubercles are large, about twenty in a row in the penultimate, joined by short bars transversely, and by narrower axial bars directed obliquely forwards towards the lower suture. Sutural spaces distinct, as wide as a pearl row; in the eighth a supra-sutural thread arises, which grows distinct and slightly tuberculate. Base flatly convex, with the sutural lira, and two basal lirae; the first with valid transversely oval tubercles, joined by very broad axial bands to much lower tubercles in the second, and by vanishing bands to the nearly smooth third lira. Aperture round, pinched at the suture into a sinus, and with a short well recurved canal in front; outer lip thin, simple, slightly reflected at its margin, retrocurrent at the suture, crossing the columella in front and flattened out over the base of the canal, so as to close it here. The outer lip has eight nodulous spirals on its outer surface, viz., three as on the spire, the peripheral and one basal, and three others intercalated on the bodywhorl. Colour, protoconch light-brown, shell white, but for the fifth and sixth whorls which are dark-brown, so as to form a sort of bracelet, whence the name.

Triphora armillata Verco, 1909
Dim. 7,9 mm.;breadth,2,Gulf St. Vincent,dredged in 20 fathoms,with many other good ones;also in 6 and in 15 to 20 fathoms off St. Francis Island,9 good in each;in 22 fathoms,Investigator Strait,2 good and 4 poor;in 22 fathoms,outside Backstairs Passage,3 poor;in  Remarks. Verco referred to a type series consisting of multiple specimens in the original description of T. armillata. Marshall (1983) reported the "holotype" in SAM, but this should be considered a lectotype designation according to Article 74.6 of the Code (ICZN 1999). The NHMUK collection register reports the type locality and the wording "Co-types", which suggests that the accompanying specimens are part of the type series. Because of Marshall's lectotype designation, these and all other syntypes are now paralectotypes.

Original description. This exquisitely pretty little shell was taken in perfect condition in 55 fathoms off Cape
Borda. It has a golden band like T. regina, Hedley, but instead of colouring the most anterior spiral of pearls, it ornaments the smooth spiral plait in front of this, and so is found in the suture and on the base of the body-whorl. Its protoconch is that of T. tasmanica, and has not the spicular form of T. regina. It is very deeply-coloured purple, like the var. lilacina, Verco. One example, perfect, of eight whorls, was taken.
Type in my collection.
Remarks. Marshall (1983) considered this variety a valid taxon: Isotriphora aureovincta. Because the original description clearly refers to a single specimen examined at the time of description, Marshall's record of the holotype is correct and the material in the NHMUK does not belong to the type series.   The species varies a great deal-1. In colour. The first six whorls may be white, and all the rest a blackish-brown. The first three whorls (in- cluding the protoconch) may be dark-brown, and all the rest light-brown, with no white whorls. The three apical whorls may be brown, the next three white, and the rest brown, so connecting the previous shell with the type. The three apical whorls may be brown, and the seven remaining whorls quite white. The infra-sutural pearl row in the coloured portion may be dark-purple or barely tinted, the others brown, or the highest and lowest row may be purple and the central brown.
In most examples, though not in the type, the posterior pearl row becomes larger than the others, the pearls being greater, and consequently closer, and are somewhat axially elongate. When this is marked the whorl may be wider below the suture than above it, so as to give a more or less gradate appearance to the whorls.
Remarks. Verco referred to a type series consisting of multiple specimens in the original description. Marshall (1983) reported of the "holotype" in SAM but this specimen should be considered a lectotype according to Article 74.6 of the Code (ICZN 1999). The label accompanying this lot reports the type locality and the wording "Cotypes", which suggests that the accompanying specimens indeed belong to the type series. Because of Marshall's lectotype designation, these and all other syntypes are now paralectotypes.    Variations.-In the shell from 55 fathoms, in the antepenultimate whorl an interstitial thread arises between the middle and anterior spirals, and becomes a definite though small lira. In some large shells a thin sutural lamina is seen between the later whorls. A large broken specimen would measure 15 mm if complete. In one individual the posterior spiral lira throughout the shell is tinged brown.

Triphora latilirata Verco, 1909
Remarks. Verco referred to a type series consisting of multiple specimens in his original description. Marshall (1983) reported the "holotype" in SAM but this should be considered a lectotype designation according to Article 74.6 of the Code (ICZN 1999). The label accompanying this lot reports the type locality and the wording "Co-types", which suggests that the specimens indeed belong to the type series. Because of Marshall's lectotype designation, these and all other syntypes are now paralectotypes.   Remarks. Marshall (1983) considered this variety a valid taxon: Obesula mamillata, distinguished by O. albovittata by its paucispiral protoconch. Verco referred to a type series of multiple specimens in his original description. Marshall's (1983) report of the "holotype" in the SAM should be considered a lectotype designation according to Article 74.6 of the Code (ICZN 1999).

Triphora albovittata var. mamillata Verco, 1909
The specimens in NHMUK represent two strikingly different colour forms: a white form (Fig. 109A, B) and a form with light brownish shell, white first spiral cord and brown base (Fig. 109C, D). Marshall (1983) reported that also O. albovittata occurs in two colour forms, similar to the ones illustrated here for O. mamillata and suggested that the only differentiating character between the two species is the protoconch type.
The NHMUK collection register does not indicate that these are "Co-types", although the specimens were part of Verco's collection and come from the type locality. Until additional evidence is available, we do not consider these specimens as belonging to the original type series.    Diagnosis.-Its special characters are its blunt protoconch with two carinae, and the third spiral arising behind the others; in most Triphora it arises between them as in T. angasi, tasmanica, cana, etc.

Remarks.
In the original description, Verco referred to multiple specimens in the type series. Marshall's (1983) re- port of the "holotype" in the SAM should be considered a lectotype designation according to Article 74.6 of the Code (ICZN 1999). The two NHMUK shells come from the type locality. However, neither the label nor the register entry states that they are co-types. Their type status is uncertain.

Figure 111
Triphora spica Verco 1909: 281, pl. XXIII, fig. 1 Remarks. In the original description, Verco referred to multiple specimens in the type series. Marshall's (1983) report of the "holotype" in the SAM should be considered a lectotype designation according to Article 74.6 of the Code (ICZN 1999). The label accompanying this lot reports Cape Borda as the locality, as listed in the original description, and the wording "Co-types", which suggests that these specimens indeed belong to the type series. Because of Marshall's lectotype designation, these and all other syntypes are now paralectotypes.      It differs from T. subula in its unicarinate protoconch, and in having the 4 ribs throughout.

Triphora spina Verco, 1909
Remarks. In his original description, Verco referred to multiple specimens in the type series. Marshall's (1983) report of the "holotype" in the SAM should be considered a lectotype designation according to Article 74.6 of the Code (ICZN 1999). The label accompanying this lot reports the type locality and the wording "Co-types", which suggests that the specimens indeed belong to the type series. Because of Marshall's lectotype designation, these and all other syntypes are now paralectotypes.

Species described by R.B. Watson
Robert B. Watson described seven species of Triphoridae. All the types are in the NHMUK. We follow Low and Evenhuis (2013) in dating Watson (1886).   Remarks. Bouchet (1985) accurately described the species and, therefore, we refrain from adding additional diagnostic notes.

Cerithium (Triforis) bigemma Watson, 1880
Cerithium ( last, and about 14 on a great many of the preceding whorls; besides these the surface is sharply, distinctly, and pretty closely scored by minute lines of growth. Spirals-a prominent spiral band encircles the whorls formed by two rows of rounded tubercles, which in each row are connected by a spiral thread; of these threads the lower is rather the larger, sharper, and more prominent. The distance between these threads is very nearly the same as that between the longitudinal rows, so that each group of four adjoining tubercles forms nearly a rhomb. Round the upper part of each whorl is an impressed flat surface, in which, very near the suture, lies another smaller spiral, which becomes minutely tubercled where it crosses the longitudinal rows. At the bottom of each whorl is a very minute spiral thread, which forms a pouting edge to the suture. Besides these the surface is faintly reticulated by microscopic spirals crossing the longitudinal lines of growth. This reticulation is best seen on the flat and glossy base, which is unbroken except by a small sharp spiral, about 0.012 in. within the edge. Colour yellowish white, pure white on the upper part of the spire; round the base of each whorl is a suffused pale tint of brown, which is more or less the colour of the base of the shell; the point of the pillar is white. Spire high, narrow, and conical, slightly slewed to the left; so that while the left slope is straight, almost concave, the right slope is just perceptibly convex. Whorls probably 22, but of these the 3 or 4 apical ones are broken off; they are of very slow increase, flat, constricted on their upper part, flatly prominent in the middle, and contracted at the lower part; the base of the shell is flatly conical. Suture strongly defined by the de- pression in which it lies, but itself linear and projecting, being minutely marginated both above and below. Mouth squarely oval, pointed above and at the front of the pillar by the canal, which is small. Outer lip broken. Pillar short, small, straight, scarcely excavated  This has a good deal the proportions of C. metula, Lov., with a narrower base. It slightly resembles the Triforis Pfeifferi, Crosse, and (apparently, for the B. M. tablet has more than one species on it) the T. scitula, A. Ad., both from S. Australia; but these have only one series of gemmules, the upper row being very much smaller, and in both the whole shell is very much smaller and slenderer. T. gigas, Hinds, is a much thinner and less strongly tubercled and sutured shell. T. angustissima, Desh. (Moll. de Bourbon), is larger, broader in proportion, has the lower (in his description "supérieure", as he reverses the shell) row of tubercles larger, and lacks the infrasutural flat constriction with its small and finely tubercled spiral.
Remarks. Rolán and Fernández-Garcés (2008) recently treated this species and illustrated the lectotype.  Shell.-Long and narrow, conical, pale, spotted with brown, with three rows of fine tubercles on the later whorls and two on the earlier, a furrowed suture, a small regularly tapering apex, and a square barely produced base. Sculpture: Longitudinals-there are on each whorl about 16 riblets, which originate at the upper row of tubercles, and swell down to the lower; they are parted from each other by little shallow pits, and they but feebly and doubtfully run down the spire, being not quite coincident in the adjoining whorls, and being parted by the sutural furrow; near the outer lip the riblets subside into continuous bars, which are prolonged to the base. Spirals-on the last four whorls there are three, on the earlier two, rows of tubercles set upon the longitudinals, and slightly connected in each row by a fine thread; round the angle of the base runs a sharp rounded thread; at the top of the pillar is another finer; on the pillar itself there are two folds. Colour pale brownish, with darker stains. Spire high and narrow, conical. Apex conical, consisting of five rather sharply angulated and carinated whorls, which are ornamented by minute not quite regular longitudinal bars; the extreme tip is small, rounded, quite smooth, polished, and not very prominent, but rather spread out than immersed. Whorls: there are 11½ regular whorls, which are short and of very gradual increase; the edge of the base is bevelled off, but the base itself is flat, with a slight hollowing in the middle. Suture furrowed, but in itself invisible, rather oblique. Mouth somewhat squarely rounded, small, bluntly pointed above. Outer lip is very thin and sharp; has at its insertion a small deep rounded sinus, below which it advances very much into a scoop-like form on the base, and is on the right sharply bent in upon the pillar, the forward edge of which it inwraps. Pillar very short indeed; its point is twisted, and very sharply bent to the right, infolding the generic canal. Inner lip concave, very short, with a thickened edge; there is a minute nick at its junction, with the outer lip on the pillar. H. 0.184 in. B. 0.048. Mouth,height 0.027,breadth 0.022. Apex,height 0.018,breadth 0.013. This species is not at all unlike the smaller forms of Triforis perversa (Linne), of Europe; but, besides very many minute points of distinction, the base is squarer, with two not three threads, the labral sinus is much deeper, the mouth is rounder, the basal lip more produced, and the pillar tip more bent and elongated; the sutural furrow, too, is deeper, wider, and less oblique, and while the apex is slightly broader, the extreme tip is a very little smaller.

Triforis dolicha Watson, 1886
Diagnosis. Syntype 4.3 mm high. Shell slightly cyrtoconoid with flat whorls. Teleoconch of 11 whorls with three spiral cords, the second as a narrow thread until the last whorl, with tubercles at the intersection with the prosocline axial ribs. A fourth smooth suprasutural cord is visible in the second half of the shell. Numerous prosocline growth lines are visible in the interspaces between the cords. Peristome with a shallow posterior sinus and additional spiral cords. Siphonal canal long. Base rather flat and concave with two additional smooth spiral cords. Protoconch incomplete in the syntype, but clearly multispiral with at least four whorls. The last three bear a single strong spiral keel and axial riblets. Teleoconch apparently whitish, but the syntype is worn; the "darker stains" described by Watson may be again due to taphonomic damage. Protoconch light brown.   longitudinal rows of rounded tubercles, parted by depressions of much the same breadth and form as themselves; they run more or less continuously and straight up the spire from whorl to whorl. There are indistinct lines of growth. Spirals-on each whorl the tubercles are arranged in three spiral rows, parted by rather deep but narrow squarish furrows. The highest row is rather smaller and less prominent than the others. The base of each whorl is sharply but not deeply constricted; the edge of this constriction appears on the margin of the base as a rounded thread, defined by a slight furrow, which, with the exception of microscopic radiating lines of growth, is the only ornament of the flat and very slightly conical base. Colour pure somewhat translucent white. Spire high and conical, but contracting very little, and hence more cylindrical than usual. Apex very blunt, but almost mucronated; this arises from the three embryonic whorls, which are smooth, being formed of two tumid threads, of which the lower is the larger, but the upper is at first the more prominent, and at its origin stands up minute, round, and prominent, like a small eccentric blunt spike, reminding one of the mucronated mamillary plug of some of the Caecums. It is not a plug, however, but the true embryonic form. This embryonic shell is smooth and glossy, but has some faint trace of spiral sculpture. Whorls 12, of very gradual increase, flat on the sides, constricted below, flat and hardly conical on the base. Suture well defined by the contraction of the whorl above it, and by a minute thread on which it projects. This species has some resemblance to T. suturalis, Ad. & Rve., but is easily distinguished from that by its blunt apex and the less sunken suture.

Cerithium (Triforis) hebes Watson, 1880
Diagnosis. Syntypes ranging in height between 3.7 and 5.3 mm; none looks fully mature. Shell conical with slightly curved sides. The largest specimen has ca 9 whorls bearing three strong spiral cords from the beginning of the teleoconch; tubercles are present at the intersection with the orthocline axial ribs. A fourth smooth narrow cord is visible suprasuturally. Growth lines are visible between the cords. Due to the subadult stage, the peristome and the base are not fully developed. Siphonal canal short. The large protoconch is certainly paucispiral, with two whorls: the first bears a strong spiral keel and possibly some thick axial ribs, but all syntypes have very worn apexes. Teleoconch and protoconch white.

Cerithium (Triforis) inflata Watson, 1880
Cerithium ( there are on the last whorl 16 rows of small rounded but not blunt tubercles, which more or less continuously run obliquely down the spire in lines from right to left; the hollows which part them are in form much like themselves; there are also faint microscopic scratches on the lines of growth. Spirals-on each whorl the tubercles are arranged in two spiral rows, in which the tubercles have their sharp tips tilted up the spire, and they are parted by a triangular shaped furrow, narrower than the spirals of tubercles. Below the under row of tubercles is a broader furrow, in the bottom of which runs the suture on the spireward face of a fine rounded thread occupying the extreme upper edge of the subjacent whorl. This thread is undulated rather than tubercled where it crosses the longitudinal rows; on the spireward side this thread is defined by a minute deep square-bottomed trench, while on the basal side it lies close in to the foot of the upper spiral row of tubercles. Round the edge of the base is a slight sharp narrow keel, which the succeeding whorl as it grows buries in the spiral thread mentioned above. At 0.004 from the edge, and there forming a ledge, the whole centre of the base is slightly projected: with this exception, the flat and scarcely conical base has no ornamentation beyond the radiating lines of growth and the microscopic spirals, which, though visible on the rest of the shell, are, as usual, more distinct on the base. Colour dull translucent white. Spire high, narrow, and conical. Apex blunt and inflated. The two embryonic whorls are larger, but otherwise very much like those of C. metula, Lov., being turban-shaped and projecting beyond the succeeding whorls; they are glossy and quite smooth but for some very faint microscopic longitudinal and spiral lines. Whorls 13, of very gradual increase, flat on the sides; the base, too, is flat, and very little conical. Suture linear, almost hidden by the overlap of the subjacent whorl. Mouth very small and square, with a minute, round, very short canal in front, whose edges are reverted all round. Outer lip broken. Pillar very small, extremely short, straight, but reverted at the point. This species, which in shape resembles T. suturalis, Ad. & Rve., may be easily distinguished from that species by the absence of the deep suture and by the inflated apex. From C. (T.) hebes, W., its sculpture and its apex distinguish it at once.
Shell.-Sinistral, sharply conical, with a narrow and produced base, solid, yellowish white, glossy. Sculpture. Longitudinals.-there are (on the last whorl) about twenty longitudinal rows of round tubercles, which rows form a small rib across the whorl, and are more or less continuous up the spire; these continue on the base as strongly as on the upper part of the whorls. These rows are parted by shallow rounded depressions. Spirals-the longitudinal rows are cut by narrow little rounded grooves, whose intersection with them forms the tubercles. On the upper whorls there is only one such spiral groove, so that there are only two tubercled spirals, but the groove gradually widens, and there appears in the bottom of it a minute additional spiral, which finally becomes as large as the other two; on the base are 3 equally divided tubercled spiral threads, of which the inmost is the smallest, and it ceases at the siphonal tube. The apex consists of 6 small rather elongated narrow whorls, of which the first 1½ have about ten rows of minute tubercles faintly connected by spirals; the next 4½ whorls are crossed by about 24 longitudinal sharp little ribs, rising into points at the carina, which is a continuous spiral thread. This carina on the first of these whorls is near the base, but later it rises so as to encircle the upper part of the whorl. The minute spiral rows of tubercles, which alone appear on the first whorl and half, cover the whole surface (both ribs and interstices) on the later apical whorls. The regular sculpture does not begin abruptly and at once, but a tongue of this new sculpture breaks across the top of the whorl, while the lower part retains the earlier ornamentation. Colour. The apical whorls are amber, the rest of the shell yellowish white, with a narrow amber-coloured thread within the contraction of the base of each whorl; this spiral thread is not continuous, being interrupted by each of the longitudinal rows of tubercles. Spire high, sharply conical, with a very slight convexity in its lines of profile, which are not perfectly alike. Apex a narrow and perfect cone, ending in a small rounded point. Whorls 17, of very regular increase, flat on the side; the whole last whorl is contracted and a little elongated; the base is narrow and flat. Suture sharply impressed, and broader than the spiral grooves, being marginated on its upperside by a minute flat surface, which runs round the base of the superior whorl. Mouth almost more than perpendicular, square, with a largish auricle at its upper corner, and a small and very transverse rift at the pillar. Outer lip sharp, thin, straight, perpendicular, angulated at the basal corner, flat across the base, turned in towards the mouth and pinched in at the pillar, where it joins the pillar-lip, closing in the side of the small siphonal canal, whose edge is sharp and straight, or a very little contracted all round. Pillar straight in front, then very much bent back, so that its posterior line almost stands on the edge of the base. Pillar-lip expanded but abruptly defined on the base, blunt but projecting on the pillar, where it is covered by and cemented to the outer lip. H. 0.22. B. 0.075 least 0.06. Penultimate whorl 0.032. Mouth, length 0.037, breadth 0.035. This beautiful little species is very like in general aspect to C. perversum, L.; but, apart from other obvious differences, the sculpture of the apex is quite distinct. In that species the extreme apex has about seven spiral scatches, parted by roughened threads, and the following whorls are beset with much closer-set and more numerous riblets, and they have two close-set spirals at the carina. The whole of this sculptured apex (in C. perversum) is stumpier, and the whorls are not so angulated, and the extreme point is blunter. T. Hindsii, Desh. (Bourbon Moll. p. 99), is very near, but is less contracted in front towards the base, has not there near the mouth four rows of pearls, has the pearls white on a brown ground, has not the single amber thread, and is a little narrower in proportion.
Diagnosis. The adult syntype is 4.4 mm high. Shell cyrtoconoid with flat whorls. Teleoconch with at least 11 whorls, but the apical part is missing. Three spiral cords are present with the second developing initially as a narrow thread and attaining full size only on the last whorl. A fourth smooth suprasutural cord is visible. Peristome incomplete in the adult syntype. Siphonal canal short. Base flat, with two weakly sculptured spiral cords. Protoconch present only in the juvenile syntype and likely multispiral as illustrated by Watson. Teleoconch light yellowish with a narrow orange-brown line on the lower part of the third spiral cord.

Figure 117
Triforis rufula Watson (1886) Shell.-High, ruddyish, with convexly conical outlines, a slightly convex base, three rows of tubercles on each whorl, a small furrowed suture, and a conical and high apex. Sculpture: Longitudinals-there are on the last whorl about 18 (on the earlier whorls fewer) direct riblets, which run down the spire pretty continuously, and cross the base; the parting furrows are wide open and rounded. Spirals-on each whorl there are three very slightly raised square threads, which swell into strongish tubercles as they cross the riblets; they are parted by squarish somewhat narrower furrows; at the angle of the base, barely within its contraction, is a slightly weaker subtubercled thread; another, weaker and undulated rath-er than tubercled, occupies the middle of the base; round the top of the pillar is another weaker still. Colour yellow, more or less ruddy. Spire high, very slightly tumid, the lateral outlines being convex. Apex has a small blunt rounded tip, is translucent white and conical, and consists of five short convex whorls, on each of which, above the middle, are two fine flat slightly raised threads; their surface is also scored longitudinally with fine regular bard. Whorls 8, besides those of the apex; they are flat on the sides, of slow and regular increase, and are parted by a strong sutural furrow; the last whorl is little larger than the penultimate, and has a short rounded base. Suture oblique, strongly defined by its furrow, but in itself invisi-ble. Mouth oblique, irregularly four-sided, very acute-angled above at the sinus, and below at the canal. Outer lip thin and sharp, angulated but not sinuated at its insertion; from this point its edge advances all the way to the base of the shell, at the corner of which it turns in a distinct angle, and across which it is prominent; the lip of the canal does not touch the pillar point, so that the round canal is not closed. Pillar short, twisted but very shortly reverted at the point. Inner lip well defined, with a slightly thickened edge, concave. H. 0.192 in. B. 0.057. Mouth,height 0.037,breadth 0.027. Apex,height 0.02,breadth 0.014. This species is in a vague way very like a great many others of the genus, but is distinct from any known to me.  Diagnosis. Lectotype 4.2 mm high. Shell cyrtoconoid with flat whorls. Teleoconch of eight whorls with three spiral cords well developed from the first whorl onward and bearing tubercles at the intersection with orthocline axial ribs. A fourth smooth suprasutural cord is visible in the lower half of the shell. Growth lines are visible between the cords. Peristome incomplete in the lectotype. Siphonal canal short. On the base, the fourth cord becomes strong and slightly tubercled and two more smooth cords are visible. Protoconch multispiral of at least four whorls, but the first whorls are missing. These whorls bear two spiral keels and axial riblets. Teleoconch brown, protoconch white.
Remarks. Lot NHMUK 1887.2.9.1768-71 contains four specimens, with one specimen clearly matching the original drawing. Another specimen is obviously not conspecific because it has the second spiral cord developing later along the spire in contrast to T. rufula in which the three spiral cords are evident throughout the teleoconch. The other two specimens are juveniles and difficult to associate to this taxon due to their state of preservation. A lectotype is designated to stabilise the nomenclature. and Analysis Centre) assisted with SEM. Harry Taylor and Kevin Webb (NHMUK Photographic Unit) photographed the specimens that we did not see ourselves. Kathie Way (also NMHUK) helped locating type material. Wolfgang Brunnbauer (Zoological Library of the Natural History Museum, Vienna) helped obtaining important literature. Mathew Lowe and Richard Preece (Museum of Zoology of the University of Cambridge) provided the images of type specimens of Triphoris macandraeae and kindly allowed their publication. Emilio Rolán shared data useful to understand the status of Triphoris grayii. Paul Callomon, Marien Faber, Riccardo Giannuzzi-Savelli, Kazunori Hasegawa, David Herbert, Harry G. Lee and Chris Vos helped by offering information and literature. Beata Dunne revised the English. Marco Oliverio gave suggestions on a previous version of the manuscript. The open access publication of this paper was supported by the University of Vienna.