13urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:C9EFD5EB-E909-52A5-90B8-2C7119603A4Eurn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:ED34F394-2E4C-49D6-8300-0DC18F233E6CZoosystematics and EvolutionZSE1435-19351860-0743Pensoft Publishers10.3897/zse.95.3254832548Research ArticleAmphipodaCrustaceaSystematicsOceansChevreuxiopsisfranki gen. n., sp. n. (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Thoriellidae) from the deep sea southwest of TasmaniaHalfterSvenjahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0480-03501ColemanCharles Oliveroliver.coleman@mfn.berlinhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3051-75752Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, IMAS Waterfront, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS 7004, AustraliaUniversity of TasmaniaBattery PointAustraliaLeibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity ScienceBerlinGermany
Corresponding author: Charles Oliver Coleman (oliver.coleman@mfn.berlin)
Academic editor: Michael Ohl
201925032019951125132FFC4FFC5-D373-0977-FFA7-D177ED2CFFE488A04136-92DD-4FA8-B719-44250012207D26206561912201801032019Svenja Halfter, Charles Oliver ColemanThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.http://zoobank.org/88A04136-92DD-4FA8-B719-44250012207D
A new amphipod species and genus, Chevreuxiopsisfranki, found in a pelagic sediment trap southwest of Tasmania is described. The new species can be recognized by its unique antenna 2, which consists of a narrow peduncle, and a 4-articulate flagellum, which has a massively developed, article 1, large, posteriorly drawn out articles 2 and 3, and an elongate lanceolate 4th article. The pereopod 1 basis surrounds large maxillipedal plates. Pereopod 3 to 6 are equipped with subchelate propodus dactylus arrangements. The bases of pereopods 5–7 are narrow.
An unusual amphipod was found in a pelagic sediment trap in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, southwest of Tasmania, Australia. Careful examination allowed us to identify it as a member of the family Thoriellidae Lowry & Stoddart, 2011. The Thoriellidae consists of four genera: Chevreuxiella Stephensen, 1915, Danaella Stephensen, 1925, Parachevreuxiella Andres, 1987, and Thoriella Stephensen, 1915. The morphological diversity in this family is very high. The two Danaella species, Danaellamimonectes Stephensen, 1925 and Danaellaobensis (Birstein & Vinogradov, 1962) (initially described as Chevreuxiellaobensis) have inflated bodies that are more reminescent of hyperiid amphipods than of other Aristioidea Lowry & Stoddart, 1997. In contrast to Danaella, the genus Thoriella, represented by the slender Thoriellaislandica Stephensen, 1915, has rather small coxal plates. Chevreuxiella and Parachevreuxiella are very similar, only differing by the length of uropods 1 and 2, their shape and the presence/absence of an inner ramus on both appendages. As the new species does not fit in any of the known thoriellid genera we are erecting the new genus Chevreuxiopsis herein.
Material and methods
The material was collected by a McLane 21-cup sediment trap at 1,000 m depth in the subantarctic Southern Ocean, southwest of Tasmania. The conical sediment trap has a surface of 0.5 m² and is filled with unfiltered water from the region (49°S, 153°E at 1,200 m), which was treated with sodium chloride (5 g/L) to increase the solution density, sodium tetracarborate (1 g/L) as a pH buffer, and mercuric chloride (3 g/L) for preservation (Roberts et al. 2008). The sample was filtered through a 1 mm screen and the specimen was found in the fraction > 1 mm, which contains plankton and micronekton organisms (Roberts et al. 2008).
For taxonomic study, we transferred the material in a graded series of ethanol-glycerol mixes into pure glycerol and then mounted the specimen or dissected parts on slides for the preparation of the drawings. Pencil drawings of the habitus were made with on a Leica M 205c dissecting microscope and details of the appendages and mouthparts on a Leica DMLB compound microscope. Both microscopes were equipped with a camera lucida. The line drawings were made following the technique described in Coleman (2003, 2009). Measurements were made along the dorsal outline of the animals, from the rostrum to the end of the urosome.
The material is held in the collections of the Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (ZMB).
SystematicsThoriellidae Lowry & Stoddart, 2011
Species list:
Chevreuxiellametopoides Stephensen, 1915
Chevreuxiopsisfranki gen. n., sp. n.
Danaellamimonectes Stephensen, 1925
Danaellaobensis (Birstein & Vinogradov, 1962)
Parachevreuxiellajusti Lowry & Stoddart, 2011
Parachevreuxiellalobata Andres, 1987
Thoriellaislandica Stephensen, 1915
Key to the species of the Thoriellidae
1
Coxae small and separate from each other, in uropods 1 and 2 both rami subequal in length
Thoriellaislandica
–
Coxae large and overlapping each other, uropods 1 and 2 inner ramus short, vestigial or absent
2
2
Pereonites 3–6 grossly swollen
3
–
Pereonites 3–6 ordinary
4
3
Posterior margin of urosome straight
Danaellamimonectes
–
Posterior margin of urosome incised
Danaellaobensis
4
Antenna 2 with flagellum consisting of subequal articles
5
–
Antenna 2 flagellum consisting of 4 massive articles, article 1 expanded, articles 2 and 3 drawn out posteriorly, article 4 lanceolate
Chevreuxiopsisfranki gen. n. sp. n.
5
Uropods 1 and 2 with spine-like inner rami
Chevreuxiellametopoides
–
Uropods 1 and 2 without inner rami
6
6
Uropods 1 and 2 rami much longer than peduncle
Parachevreuxiellalobata
–
Uropods 1 and 2 rami subequal or shorter than peduncle
Holotype: female (the specimen appears to have unsetose oostegites), 12 mm.
Type locality.
The specimen was collected with a McLane 21-cup sediment trap at 1,000 m depth between the 11 and 26 August 1998 at the Southern Ocean Time Series site (SOTS, 46°45.52′S, 142°5.38′E), southwest of Tasmania, Australia (ZMB Crust 31700).
Etymology.
The species is named for Frank Halfter, the father of the first author.
Diagnosis.
As for generic diagnosis.
Description
(based on holotype, 12 mm).
Body (Fig. 1c). Head deeper than long, shorter than pereonite 1. Pereonite 2 slightly longer than 1. Pereonites 3 and 4 subequal in length. Pereonite 5 as long as pereonite 2. Pleonites subequal in length, posteroventrally rounded. Urosomite 1 longer than the fused urosomites 2 and 3. Telson absent.
Head (Fig. 1c) with anterior rounded lobe between insertion of antenna 1 and 2. Eyes present, dark pigments visible in alcohol; weakly reniform, extended dorsoventrally. Antenna 1 (Fig. 1a, c) about 2× as long as antenna 2; peduncular article ratios 1 : 0.4 : 0.6, width successively smaller; 15 flagellum articles, slender, with very few slender setae. Antenna 2 (Figs 1b, 6) peduncle articles slender, with 2 minute basal articles (which were damaged during dissection), article 3 short; article 4 about 2× as long as article 3; article 5 as long as article 1–4 combined; flagellum article 1 distally expanded, about 3× as wide as basal articles, posterodistally lobate; article 2 and 3 proximally as wide as peduncular article 3 and posterodistally drawn out into long narrow lobes; article 4 lanceolate, distally pointed and inside with a dense mass of tissue. Mouthparts (Figs 1c, 2f) extended ventrally, all covered by large outer plates of maxilliped, which leave an anteriorly and ventrally slit-like opening and additionally surrounded posteriorly by wide bases of pereopods 1. Mandibles to maxilla 2 directed anteriorly; ventrally of these mouthparts is a dense tissue mass (dashed in Fig. 2f, 3a), that might represent the inner maxillipedal plates. Both mandibles slender without molar, setal rows or palp (Fig. 2a, b). Labrum without pronounced epistome, rounded from lateral view (Fig. 1d). Lower lip (Fig. 2e) with rather long rounded apices with few setae in the hypopharyngeal gap and with slender mandibular lobes. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 2c, d) inner plate with 2 plumose apical setae; outer plate with 6 plus 1 apical robust setae; palp 2-articulate, line between both articles barely visible, distal article lanceolate, with 1 short seta on tapering tip. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 2g) inner plate with some medial setae; outer plate with 4 distolateral plumose setae.
Chevreuxiopsisfranki gen. n., sp. n., holotype 12 mm. a Antenna 1 b Antenna 2, peduncular articles 1–2 missing c Habitus d Labrum and mandible, lateral view. Scale bars: 500 µm (a, b); 1 mm (c); 100 m (d).
Chevreuxiopsisfranki gen. n., sp. n., holotype 12 mm. a Right mandible b Left mandible c, d Maxilla 1 e Lower lip f Mouthparts, left aspect g Maxilla 2. Scale bars: 100 µm (a–e); 500 µm (f).
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/276941
Pereon.Pereopod 1 (Fig. 3b) dark purple/black pigmented in ethanol; coxa subquadrate; basis anteromarginally expanded with short nose-shaped protrusion; ischium and merus subequal; carpus weakly expanded distally 2.2× as long as wide; propodus slightly tapering distally with distal knob-like dactylus. Pereopod 2 (Fig. 3d, e) basis elongate and slender; ischium 2.7× as long as wide; merus short, distally pointed; carpus longer than propodus with cushions of slender, hair-like setae on anterior and posterior margins; propodus anteromarginally rounded with similar setation as carpus; dactylus subapically, accompanied with long several long setulated setae and with few setae on the inner curvature. Pereopod 3 (Fig. 3c) coxa subrectangular, slightly directed anteriorly; basis as long as coxa; ischium 0.6× the width of basis; merus relatively short, distally expanded; carpus wider than long, distally expanded; carpus curved posteriorly, distally oblique; dactylus with proximal rounded joint, weakly curved, slender; propodus and dactylus form subchelate complex. Pereopod 4 (Fig. 4a) coxa largest, about 4× as long as coxa 1, surpassing basis, ischium and part of merus, anteriorly convex, posteriorly straight; basis to dactylus subequal to pereopod 3, except for the slightly longer carpus. Pereopod 5 (Fig. 4b) coxa bilobed; basis to merus subequal to pereopod 4; carpus shorter than wide, with anterior process; propodus curved anteriorly with oblique distal margin; carpus and long, slender, weakly curved dactylus form a very large subchela.
Chevreuxiopsisfranki gen. n., sp. n., holotype 12 mm. a Maxilliped, opened up b Pereopod 1, basis to dactylus; detail shows knob-like dactylus c Pereopod 3 d Pereopod 2, without coxa e Dactylus of pereopod 2. Scale bar: 500 µm (a–d).
Chevreuxiopsisfranki gen. n., sp. n., holotype 12 mm. a Pereopod 4 b Pereopod 5 c Pereopod 7, medial aspect. Scale bar: 500 µm (a–c).
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/276943
Pereopod 6 (Fig. 5a, d) coxa wide, weakly bilobate, posterior lobe slightly longer than anterior one; basis about half as long as coxa width; ischium longer than wide; merus expanded posterodistally; carpus short, distally expanded, with some small teeth anteromarginally; propodus, relatively slender, convex posteromarginally, anteromarginally straight, with marginal small teeth, especially on the medial face; dactylus falcate.
Pleon.Pleopod 1 (Fig. 5b, c) peduncle 2× as long as wide; coupling hooks (Fig. 5c) long with rows of protrusions ventrally; both rami slightly longer than peduncle, inner ramus somewhat shorter than outer ramus; swimming setae moderately long with dense setulation (Fig. 5f).
Chevreuxiopsisfranki gen. n., sp. n., holotype 12 mm. a Pereopod 6 b Pleopod 1; c Coupling hooks of pleopod d Anterior margin of propodus e Urosome, dorsal view f Setulated seta of pleopod. Scale bar: 500 µm (a, b, e).
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/276944
Urosome. First urosomite longer than the fused second and third segment; urosomite 2 expanded midlaterally and weakly incised posteromarginally forming 2 short rounded lobes; peduncle of uropod 1 2.5× as long as wide; outer ramus lanceolate; inner ramus spine-like, 25% of outer ramus length; uropod 2 peduncle shorter than that of uropod 1 and weakly expanded distally; outer ramus slightly wider compared to that of uropod 1; inner ramus 23% of outer ramus. Telson absent.
Distribution.
The species is so far only known from the type locality.
Discussion
We classified the new species in a new genus, Chevreuxiopsis. This genus is related to Chevreuxiella (represented by C.metopoides, the only species) and both genera share the following: pereon not inflated (cf. Danaella); coxa 4 enlarged; similarities in the mouthparts: rather underived maxilla 1 and 2 and the morphology of the maxilliped; urosome and both uropods are very similar in the lanceolate shape of the rami and the dimensions of the inner rami.
However, there are also strong differences between the new species and C.metopoides. Chevreuxiopsisfranki gen. n. sp. n. has a differently shaped, slender antenna 1 (vs expanded and elongate first flagellar article. This is perhaps a sexually dimorphic character, as C.metopoides was described on a male specimen) and especially antenna 2 flagellum, which has an enlarged article 1, large, posteriorly drawn out articles 2 and 3 and a lanceolate article 4 (vs normally shaped and multiarticulate); maxilla 1 with inflated palp article 2 (vs normal), inner plate with 2 plumose setae (vs 4 setae); basis of pereopod 1 ovoid expanded with anteromarginal nose-like process (vs weakly expanded and without nose-like process); coxa 3 slightly longer than coxa 2 (vs much longer and wider); coxa 4 posteromarginally straight (vs posteroventally lobate); basis of pereopods 5–7 slender (vs expanded); pereopod 3–6 probably prehensile due to their subchelate arrangement of propodus and falcate dactylus (vs simple).
The maxilliped is of a unique shape in thoriellids. Large plates surround the mouthparts and leave a small slit anteriorly and ventrally. However, due to its derived morphology it is very difficult to homologize the parts. For example, Stephensen (1915: 41, fig. 24) labelled the massive maxillipedal plates, that surround the mouthparts, as the first palp articles, but we think they are the outer plates of the maxilliped. These plates are overlapped by the huge bases of the first pereopod, which has dark purple/black pigmentation and may act as a shutter (see below).
Due to the few records in literature, knowledge about the biology of the Thoriellidae is limited (Lowry and Stoddart 2011). Stephensen (1915) suggested a semiparasitic lifestyle for Chevreuxiella and Thoriella, and Andres (1987) found Parachevreuxiellalobata attached to a wound of a bathypelagic fish. However, it is difficult to draw conclusions about the lifestyle of Chevreuxiopsisfranki sp. n. Due to the relatively good preservation of the body, an active entering of the specimen into the sediment trap is assumed. The long-term deployment of the sediment trap prevents analyses of potential differences in day vs night distribution due to diurnal vertical migration. Hence, no additional information on the vertical distribution of this species can be concluded.
The specimen is of transparent appearance apart from the dark purple gnathopod 1, which covers the maxilliped (Fig. 6). Herring (1981: 171) already noted a blue-green bioluminescence in the genera Chevreuxiella and Danaella in the thoriellid family while handling, which “almost extinguished when the maxilliped plate was withdrawn between the two densely pigmented expanded basal articles of the first pair of gnathopods”. Also, Parker (1999) studied the luminescence of an unidentified thoriellid juvenile and found the expanded fifth articles of the second antennae to act as reflectors of the luminescent maxilliped. He assumed that rather than having a communication or defensive function, light flashes could be used to catch prey. Similarly, this could be the case in our specimen. Additional to the dark purple/black shutter, we also note enlarged articles of the second antenna, which could function as reflector of the emitted bioluminescence and lead potential prey towards the maxillipeds. However, this has to be further investigated in behavioural studies.
Chevreuxiopsisfranki gen. n., sp. n., holotype 12 mm. Photo of head, antennae, maxillipeds and anterior pereopods. Note the dark purple/black colour of the 1st pereopods. Scale bar: 500 µm.
This research was supported by the Australian Research Council through a Laureate awarded to Philip Wallace Boyd, IMAS, UTAS, Australia (FL160100131), the PhD supervisor of the first author.
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