Diamond in the rough: a new species of fossorial diamond frog (Rhombophryne) from Ranomafana National Park, southeastern Madagascar

We describe a new species from the cophyline microhylid genus Rhombophryne, a group of fossorial and terrestrial frogs endemic to Madagascar. Found during herpetofaunal surveys of moist montane forest in the remote north of Ranomafana National Park, Rhombophryne nilevina sp. n. exemplifies two difficulties that hinder taxonomic progress in Malagasy cophyline frogs: micro-endemicity and highly secretive habits. Known from only two adult male specimens, this new species is nonetheless easily distinguishable from all other known Rhombophryne using morphological data, and osteological data collected here via X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography, or “micro-CT”. This species is now the largest known Rhombophryne, and the only one known from Ranomafana National Park, which will make it the southern-most member of the genus pending a forthcoming taxonomic revision involving Plethodontohyla and Rhombophryne. Pairwise distances of the mitochondrial 16s rRNA marker show a minimum genetic distance of 4.9% from other nominal Rhombophryne. We also describe recordings of an advertisement call, emitted from a burrow by the holotype. Rhombophryne nilevina sp. n. is not known to be found syntopically with other Rhombophryne, nor to be present elsewhere in Ranomafana National Park, but it probably does co-occur with a few ecologically similar Plethodontohyla species. Although the type locality is within a protected area, we suggest an IUCN listing of Data Deficient for R. nilevina sp. n., as its area of occupancy is largely undetermined within the park.


Introduction
Over the past several decades, integrative approaches to taxonomy have shown that Madagascar's anuran fauna is one of the most spectacular on earth, with current estimates approaching 600 species; 99.9% of which are endemic to the island (reviewed in Vieites et al. 2009, Perl et al. 2014).This estimate continues to rise as more candidate species are newly discovered, with ~465 species estimated in Vietes et al. (2009), and ~530 in Perl et al. (2014).Many recent candidate species have been found from very few localities, and are presumably restricted to small ranges (e.g., Rosa et al. 2014, Hutter et al. 2015).Among clades of Malagasy frogs, the subfamily Cophylinae Cope, 1889 (family Microhylidae Günther, 1858) faces one of the steepest taxonomic gaps, with more candidate species existing than described species (Vieites et al. 2009, Perl et al. 2014, Scherz et al. 2016a).This phenomenon is likely explicable by the many challenges they present to systematists, including secretive habits, small range sizes, and numerous morphologically cryptic species.
Rhombophryne Boettger, 1880 is a particularly enigmatic cophyline genus consisting of 16 valid nominal species (Scherz et al. 2016a,b), found primarily in rainforest habitats of northern and eastern Madagascar.In addition to fossorial or otherwise secretive habits, the apparently small ranges of many species have historically impeded data collection, and thus taxonomic progress, in the genus (Glaw et al. 2010).However, fueled by the application of integrative taxonomic approaches, the number of described Rhombophryne has swelled in recent years, with 8 species described since 2010 (D'Cruze et al. 2010, Glaw et al. 2010, Scherz et al. 2014, 2015a,b, 2016b), and only a few already-published candidate species left to be described (Scherz et al. 2016b), although several more have been identified and will be described soon (Fig. 1 and Scherz, Crottini, et al. unpubl. data).
We herein describe Rhombophryne nilevina sp.n., discovered during herpetofaunal surveys of moist montane forest in the remote north-western corner of Ranomafana National Park, southeastern Madagascar, in January of 2015.We diagnose R. nilevina sp.n. from its congeners using morphological and osteological characters collected with the help of X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT).We also describe the male advertisement call of the new species, which is distinct from all other known vocalizations in the genus.

Specimen collection
We collected specimens during the day through targeted searching, using the advertisement call to locate males.We euthanized specimens using 20% benzocaine, fixed them in ~10% formalin solution buffered with sodium phosphate to pH 7.0, and transferred them to 70% ethanol for longterm storage after approximately two weeks.We deposited the holotype in the Biodiversity Institute of the University of Kansas (KU) and a paratype in the Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animal, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo (formerly Département de Biologie Animale of the Universiteé d'Antananarivo; UADBA).

DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis
Immediately following euthanasia, we removed the tongue and placed it in 95% EtOH.We extracted genomic DNA using standard phenol-chloroform extraction protocol and amplified a fragment of the mitochondrial rRNA marker 16S using a previously published protocol (Hutter et al. 2015).We include a total of seven newly generated 16S sequences in this study; one of R. nilevina sp.n., one tentatively assigned to R. coronata, and five outgroup sequences (Table 1).We acquired sequences of the same 16S fragment for other Rhombophryne from Genbank.Prior to alignment, we removed identical sequences using the "Find Duplicates" option in Geneious version 6 (Kearse et al. 2012).All retained sequences and their accession numbers are listed in Table 1.We aligned sequences with the MAFFT (Katoh and Standley 2013) plugin version 1.3 for Geneious, using the the "E-INS-i" algorithm and otherwise default settings.We inferred phylogenetic re-  lationships with RaxML 8.2.6 (Fig. 1; Stamatakis 2014), using the -f a option to search for a maximum likelihood tree and conduct 1000 rapid bootstrap replicates, under the GTR model of sequence evolution and with gamma distributed rate variation.Finally, we calculated raw pairwise genetic distances from the alignment using the dist.dnafunction of the ape package in R (Table 2, Paradis et al. 2004, R Development Core Team 2016).

Morphology
We took morphological measurements using a digital caliper to 0.01 mm, rounded to 0.1 mm.We note that only the holotype was measured, as the paratype was unavailable for study.Measurements follow the standard for this genus and are repeated here verbatim from Scherz et al. (2015b): "SVL (snout-vent length), HW (maximum head width), HL (head length, from the maxillary commissure to the anterior-most point of the mouth), ED (horizontal eye diameter), END (eye-nostril distance), NSD (nostril-snout tip distance), NND (internarial distance), TDH (horizontal tympanum diameter), TDV (vertical tympanum diameter), HAL (hand length, from the metacarpal-radioulnar articulation to the tip of the longest finger), LAL (lower arm length, from the carpal-radioulnar articulation to the center of the radioulna-humeral articulation), UAL (upper arm length, from the center of the radioulna-humeral articulation to the trunk, measured along the posterior aspect of the arm), FORL (forelimb length, given by the sum of HAL, LAL, and UAL), FOL (foot length, from the tarsalmetatarsal articulation to the tip of the longest toe), TARL (tarsal length, from the tarsal-metatarsal articulation to the tarsal-tibiofibular articulation), FOTL (foot length including tarsus, from the tibiotarsal articulation to the tip of the longest toe, given by the sum of FOL and TARL), TIBL (tibiofibula length), TIBW (tibiofibula width at thickest point, measured in dorsal aspect), THIL (thigh length, from the vent to the femoral-tibiofibular articulation), THIW (thigh width at thickest point, measured in supine position), HIL (hindlimb length, given by the sum FOL, TARL, TIBL, and THIL), IMCL (maximum length of inner metacarpal tubercle), IMTL (maximum length of the inner metatarsal tubercle)."A figure depicting the measurement scheme is presented in Scherz et al. (2015b).

Osteology
We performed micro-CT scanning on a phoenix|x nanotom m cone-beam scanner (GE Measurement & Control, Wunstorf, Germany), using a tungsten target and a 0.1 mm Cu filter.We employed settings of 140 kV and 80 µA, with a timing of 750 ms, for 2440 projections and a total scan time of 30 minutes.We assembled the scan files in datos|x 2 reconstruct CT software (GE Measurement & Control, Wunstorf, Germany), and imported them as an unsigned 8-bit volume into VG Studio Max 2.2 (Volume Graphics GMbH, Heidelberg, Germany).We used the phong renderer with a custom color palate and rendering curve to register and visualize the scan.Using the built-in function, we took high-resolution screenshots for the production of figures.The osteological information presented is based on volume rendering.Only slightly calcified cartilage can be visualized using micro-CT, so we omit descriptions of the cartilaginous structures of the pectoral girdle (sternal features and most of the suprascapula) and those associated with the skull (the hyoid plate and nasal cartilages in particular We exported the volume as an "Analyze Volume" under standard settings in VG Studio Max 2.2, and imported the resulting .hdrfile into Amira 6.1 (FEI Visualization Sciences Group, Burlington MA, USA), where a surface model was produced essentially following Ruthensteiner and Heß (2008).This model is embedded in a Suppl.material 1.The model is provided solely for reader comprehension; surface models carry inherent bias due to the manual thresholding are therefore less reliable for osteological description than volume renderings (Scherz et al. in review).
We note that skeletal comparisons to other cophylines are based on largely unpublished micro-CT data produced by MDS, which will be involved in revisions of the genera of this subfamily over the next few years.However, micro-CT-based osteological accounts for Rhombophryne, Stumpffia, Anilany, and Plethodontohyla are found in Scherz et al. (2016a) and for Cophyla and Platypelis in Rakotoarison et al. (2015).

Bioacoustics
We recorded calls attributed to the holotype on two occasions using an Olympus LS-10 Linear PCM Field Recorder and a Sennheiser K6-ME66 super-cardioid shotgun microphone.The calls were recorded at a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz and 16 bits resolution in WAV format.Recordings were made at mid-day in overcast weather conditions.No precise temperature recordings are available, but we estimate that the ambient temperature was approximately 20° C at the time of recording.We note that the individual was not visible during the recordings, as it was calling from a burrow.We therefor e cannot be completely certain that the recordings are of the same individual, however, only a single individual at a time was heard calling from this location, and the collected individual was found with distended vocal sac shortly after Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence (CC-BY); original download https://pensoft.net/journals the second recordings.Additionally, the measured call parameters from the two occasions are nearly completely overlapping (Fig. 4; Table 3).
We follow Rakotoarison et al. (2015) and define a call as individual temporally distinct segments separated by a return to the background noise between each of these segments.This definition is equivalent to single notes used in other call definitions (Duellman and Trueb 1994;mantellids: Hutter et al. 2015).We define calls as "amplitude modulated" when there are two or more clear amplitude peaks.
Following Rakotoarison et al. (2015) and Hutter and Guayasamin (2015), we report the following call variables: call duration (ms); inter-call interval (s); number of amplitude peaks; note envelope shape (time at peak amplitude / call duration); dominant frequency (Hz), measured throughout call and at peak amplitude; fundamental frequency (Hz); and first harmonic frequency (Hz).Call rate was not calculated because of insufficient sample size.We used Raven Pro 1.4 to measure temporal and spectral call characteristics.Digital recordings are deposited at the University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute digital archive and are available upon request.

Registration of nomenclature
The electronic version of this article in Portable Document Format (PDF) will represent a published work according to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that Code from the electronic edition alone.This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN.The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix http://zoobank.org/.The LSID for this publication is: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:ACD2A947-B1B8-4B12-8FDF-1260C94B0AF8.The online version of this work will be archived and made available from the following digital repositories: CLOCKSS and Zenodo.

Results
We discovered a large-bodied cophyline microhylid frog near Andemaka within Ranomafana National Park in eastern Madagascar.Several obvious differences in morphology exist between the collected specimens and all known described and undescribed cophyline microhylids.Analysis of a fragment of its mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene recovered it with a close relationship to an undescribed population of Rhombophryne from northern Madagascar (sp.Ca03 from Vieites et al. 2009; Fig. 1).However, this population is quite distinct from the newly collected frogs morphologically (Scherz et al., unpubl. data).We also note that the 16S tree is largely unresolved, likely due to a limited number of characters it includes.Ongoing multi-locus analyses suggest that R. nilevina is quite phylogenetically distinct from all known Rhombophryne, including sp.Ca03 (A.Crottini, pers.comm.).Our 16S analysis also shows a minimum genetic distance of 4.9% between our new taxon and all valid, nominal Rhombophryne species (Table 2).We therefore describe it as a new species: Paratype.UADBA-A Uncatalogued (CRH 799), an adult male collected the morning of February 7 th 2015 by Shea Maddock Lambert and Ralaivao Jean Fulgence, otherwise with the same collection information as the holotype.

Diagnosis.
A frog assigned to the cophyline genus Rhombophryne on the basis of its divided vomer, the  possession of clavicles and knob-shaped terminal phalanges (see Scherz et al. 2016a).This species is characterized by the following suite of characters: large size (SVL at least up to 57.2 mm), wide, short head (HW 180.7% of HL), tympanum 58.6% of eye, forelimb 51.1% of SVL, tibia 42.2% of SVL, hindlimb 152.5% of SVL, large inner metacarpal and metatarsal tubercles, supratympanic fold distinct and raised, running from the posterior corner of the eye straight over the tympanum, then sharply down behind it, extending to join the front of the arm, distinct vomerine teeth forming curved rows posteromedial to the oblong choanae, separated medially by a small cleft, second finger shorter than fourth finger, fifth toe distinctly shorter than third, without finger or toe reduction, finger and toe tips not enlarged.Additionally, R. nilevina is separated from all nominal species of Rhombophryne by an uncorrected pairwise distance of at least 4.9% in the fragment of the 16S rRNA gene, and by at least 3.8% from all known candidate species in this genus.
Rhombophryne nilevina is morphologically similar to terrestrial members of the genus Plethodontohyla, but aside from being distinguishable from this genus by the combination of the possession of clavicles with knobshaped terminal phalanges, this species can be distinguished from P. inguinalis by its smaller size (SVL 57.2 vs. 62.2-99.1 mm), the absence of enlarged fingertips, absence of dark inguinal spots (vs.occasional presence), and absence of a strong dorsolateral color border (vs.occasional presence); from P. notosticta, P. guentheri, P. fonetana, and P. mihanika by the absence of enlarged fingertips, absence a strong dorsolateral color border (vs.presence in all but P. fonetana), and shorter forelimb (FORL 51.1% vs. 57.5-71.9% of SVL); and from P. bipunctata, P. tuberata, P. brevipes, and P. ocellata by the absence of inguinal spots (vs.presence in all but P. tuberata) and larger size (SVL 57.2 vs. 24.6-44.7 mm) and from P. tuberata by the presence of smooth skin (vs.granular skin).
Although the bioacoustic repertoires of cophylines is far from completely known, bioacoustically, this species' call is strongly distinct from the other known calls by being strongly amplitude modulated (Fig. 4).To the human ear, this call most closely resembles the genetically distant R. testudo (Table 2), but the call of R. testudo differs by having a much longer duration and lacking significant amplitude modulation (Fig 4).No other known calls can be confused with those of this species.
Description of the holotype.Morphology of the holotype.An adult male specimen in an excellent state of preservation.The vocal sac is still somewhat loose and malleable.The tongue was removed as a tissue sample.
Body rotund; dorsal and ventral skin smooth, with subtle bumps on the dorsal skin (more rugose in life).Head considerably wider than long (HW 180.7% of HL), snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view; nostrils protuberant, directed laterally, closer to the snout than the eye; canthus rostralis distinct and concave; loreal region concave and oblique; tympanum indistinct, oval, horizontally 58.6% of eye diameter; pupil dilated in preservative but more or less round in life (Fig. 3a, 3d); supratympanic fold distinct and raised, running from the posterior corner of the eye straight over the tympanum, then sharply down behind it, extending to join the front of the arm; tongue removed as a tissue sample, was attached anteriorly and posteriorly free; vomerine teeth distinct, forming curved rows posteromedial to the choanae; choanae relatively large, oblong.
Arms strongly built, relatively short; fingers without webbing, short, with distinct, rounded subarticular tubercles, relative lengths 1<2<4<3, the second finger marginally shorter than the fourth (and marginally longer than the first), without enlarged terminal discs; inner metacarpal tubercle strong, oblong, 28.1% of hand length; outer metacarpal tubercle indistinct, round.Legs relatively long and thick (HIL 152.5% of SVL; TIBL 42.2% of SVL), position of the tibiotarsal articulation when adpressed along the body not possible to assess without breaking the hindlimbs; toes long, unwebbed, with indistinct round subarticular tubercles, relative toe lengths 1<2<5<3<4, third toe distinctly longer than fifth; inner metatarsal tubercle present and distinct, 12.7% of foot length; outer metatarsal tubercle absent.
Coloration of the holotype.In preservative, the holotype is chocolate brown dorsally with a loosely reticulated pattern of ebony to burnt umber markings, including an indistinct interocular bar.There are no inguinal spots.The loreal region has a grey marking in it.The forelimb is as the dorsum, with dark patches on the elbow and a crossband on the forearm.A distinct light annulus is present before the terminus of each finger.The hindlimb is dorsally as the back, with three dark crossbands on the thigh and shank.The posterodorsal thigh has weak cream spots, as does the anterior thigh.The dorsal foot is brown speckled with cream.The toes are even more flecked with cream, and also possess a light annulus before the terminal phalanges.The ventral abdomen is brown with numerous small cream flecks.The chin is darker and mostly solid dark brown.The ventral arms are as the trunk.The subarticular and metacarpal tubercles are lighter in color than the rest of the hand.The ventral hindlimbs are as the abdomen.The color in life was as in preservative (Fig. 3).
Osteology of the holotype (Fig. 5, Suppl.material 1).The skeleton of the holotype is typical of Rhombophryne.It is well ossified and robust.The right femur shows signs of an old break toward its distal end that has healed.
Neural spines decrease in size posteriorly, the sixth and seventh lacking spines altogether.Neural arches of atlas fused.Dorsal crest of urostyle running roughly 80% along its shaft.Iliosacral articulation type IIA sensu Emerson 1979.Iliac shafts with well developed dorsal tubercles and deep oblique grooves; dorsal crests running most of their length.Pubis partially ossified.
Variation.The paratype UADBA-A Uncatalogued (CRH 799) strongly resembles the holotype, but has a slightly Bioacoustics.We analysed a total of seven calls from R. nilevina, and compared these to the call of R. testudo (Fig. 4; Table 3).We presume that the calls we recorded come from one individual, the holotype (see Materials and methods).We further assume that the recorded call is an advertisement call, as no other call types (except distress calls) are known from cophylines.This call sounds like a slow groan to the human ear.
Etymology.The specific epithet "nilevina" is a Malagasy word meaning "buried."This name was chosen to recognize the fossorial habits of this species.It is to be treated as an invariable noun in apposition.
Available names.Due to morphological and size similarities, as well as geographic distribution, two existing names must be considered for this species: Phrynocara laeve Boettger, 1883, and Plethodontohyla laevis tsianovohensis Angel, 1936.Both of these names are currently considered to be junior synonyms of Rhombophryne alluaudi.We examined the morphology and osteology of the holotypes of both of these taxa (P.laeve: SMF 4286; P. laevis tsianovohensis: MNHN 1936.47), and our new species differs critically from both in the possession of a well-developed clavicle (vs.absence/ strong reduction; Scherz unpubl.data).Their taxonomy, as well as that of Rhombophryne alluaudi, will be discussed in a future article, and we here simply rule out the possibility that they are conspecific with R. nilevina sp.n. based on the presence vs. absence of a clavicle.The type specimen of P. laevis tsianovohensis was collected from Tsianovoha, which is around 60 km south of Ranomafana, suggesting the possibility of sympatry or parapatry with R. nilevina.Natural history.Both known specimens of R. nilevina were obtained from a relatively flat, poorly drained section of moist montane forest adjacent to a stream, with the holotype found along the bank of this stream.Nearby habitats include a swamp with many large Pandanus and steep forested slopes with relatively smaller trees.However, the calls of R. nilevina seemed to emanate mostly from the flatter, forested area.Males were heard calling during the day, particularly during overcast conditions and after rainfall.Advertisement calls were not heard at night, however, the night-time chorus of other frogs, including Boophis, Spinomantis, Gephyromantis, and Anodonthyla, may have interfered with detection.When heard from a distance, the call is reminiscent of that of an owl.When heard from close proximity, the call sounds like a groan, and is far less melodic.Both specimens were both located by auditory tracking, and found calling from underground: one from a cavity under the roots of a large tree, and the other from a burrow in soft, moist soil alongside the stream.In order to collect the holotype from its burrow, excavation was required.Based on these observations and suggestive morphology, we presume that R. nilevina spend much of their lives underground, possibly coming to the surface for short periods during rainfall, similar to other fossorial Rhombophryne species (Glaw andVences 2007, D'Cruze et al. 2010).We also note that R. nilevina was discovered in the middle of the wet season, and after a week-long period of particularly heavy, sustained rain.
Distribution.Rhombophryne nilevina has thus far been detected at a single site, near the former village of Andemaka, in the north-west of Ranomafana National Park (Fig. 2).This locality is relatively high-elevation for Ranomafana National Park (ca.1240 m).To our knowledge, R. nilevina has not been detected by any previous survey, including several conducted by CRH and SML at similarly high-elevation sites in the northern (Miaranony), central (Vohiparara), and southern (Maharira) regions of Ranomafana.Nevertheless, we do not rule out here the possibility that R. nilevina occurs elsewhere in the park.This is in large part due to the secretive habits and potentially ephemeral activity periods of this species (see Natural history).In addition, much of the high-elevation forest of Ranomafana is difficult to access and thus remains sparsely or completely unsurveyed for herpetofauna.Although it is possible that R. nilevina has been overlooked in other eastern rainforest patches, current information suggests that this species is endemic to Ranomafana National Park, and potentially to a much smaller area within the park.

Conservation status.
Although the type locality of R. nilevina is within Ranomafana National Park, its occupancy within the park is potentially highly restricted, elevationally and geographically, as it has not been detected in any other herpetological surveys of the park.However, its secretive lifestyle means that it icould be easily overlooked.Given this large uncertainty in area of occupancy, we suggest an initial IUCN categorization of Data Deficient.If R. nilevina is for instance, restricted to the type locality, then habitat destruction, chytrid fungus (recently detected in Madagascar, Bletz et al. 2015), and/or climate change could easily place the only population of R. nilevina sp.n. at risk of extinction.

Discussion
The discovery of Rhombophryne nilevina-never previously identified as a candidate species despite being found in one of the most well-surveyed National Parks of Madagascar-highlights the importance of continued field work for the advancement of systematics in Malagasy anurans.In particular, field surveys should help reveal diversity in clades containing species with small ranges and secretive life histories, including Rhombophryne and other cophyline frogs.Cophylines have already shown great promise as a model system for studying ecomorphological and reproductive mode evolution (e.g.Andreone et al. 2005, Wollenberg et al. 2008), and the continued discovery and description of novel species will only further this potential.
Rhombophryne nilevina is remarkable in several respects, including its morphology.Most obvious is its large size, the largest recorded for the genus, narrowly exceeding R. laevipes (Glaw & Vences, 2007;Scherz et al. unpubl. data).In addition, the relatively long legs, wide head, and rotund body shape contribute to the distinctive appearance of this species.In total, the morphology of R. nilevina is sufficiently divergent from all other Rhombophryne species that it cannot be immediately assigned to a complex or species cluster.
In addition to morphological distinctiveness, Rhombophryne nilevina is currently the southernmost distributed species of Rhombophryne, excluding records of Rhombophryne alluaudi from the far south of Madagascar, which are due to confusion surrounding the identity of that species (Scherz, Bellati, Crottini et al. unpubl data).It also has a strongly amplitude-modulated call unlike that of any congeners (although few call recordings are available for this genus).
Our limited genetic data suggests that R. nilevina may have affinities with Rhombophryne sp.Ca3 from Tsaratanana in northern Madagascar, but we consider this relationship tentative and ongoing multi-locus analyses suggest that R. nilevina represents a relatively ear- ly-diverging, phylogenetically distinct species of Rhombophryne (A. Crottini, pers. comm.).Given the limited information available at this time, the phylogenetic affinities of R. nilevina will need to be clarified in a future revision of the genus.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Phylogenetic relationships between Rhombophryne species estimated using maximum likelhood in RaxML using the mitochondrial 16S rRNA barcode fragment.Rhombophryne nilevina sp.n. is highlighted with blue bold text.Outgroups are removed from the tree figure for aesthetic purposes.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Map of Ranomafana National Park and the type locality of Rhombophryne nilevina sp.n.. Map is a composite of Landsat 8 satellite imagery and a hillshade layer created from SRTM 1 Arc-Second Global digital elevation data.Data available from the U.S. Geological Survey.

Table 1 .
GenBank Accession numbers for all sequences used in phylogenetic analysis.Asterisks indicate newly generated sequences.

Table 3 .
The advertisement call recorded for Rhombophryne nilevina in comparison with that of R. testudo.Calls were recorded from males calling during the day that were subsequently collected as vouchers.Note envelope is the ratio of the time of peak amplitude to note duration.Data are the range and then the mean ± two standard deviations in parentheses, when appropriate.The call recording of R. testudo is fromVences et al. (2006).