Sturany ’ s type specimens in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien , Austria ( NHMW ) : Red Sea gastropods

The Natural History Museum in Vienna hosts the samples of the late 19th century Austro-Hungarian “Pola” expeditions to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Rudolf Sturany studied these samples and described several new species. The type material of 35 species and forms of gastropods collected in the Red Sea is listed and illustrated. For each species, the available type material is listed, the original description and a translation into English is provided, and the current taxonomic status of the species is commented upon whenever possible. All species are illustrated in colour and with SEM imaging, with the exception of Stylifer thielei, whose only specimen was broken by Johannes Thiele in Berlin to study the soft parts. Finally, a table of the Pola deep and coastal stations where molluscs were collected is provided, with modern names.


Introduction
Rudolf Sturany was a malacologist who worked at the Natural History Museum (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, NHMW) in Vienna between 1889 and 1922.He studied the samples collected by the Austro-Hungarian deep-sea expeditions to the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea aboard the vessel "Pola", the first to explore the deep habitats of the Red Sea (Janssen and Taviani 2015).For a detailed account of the Austro-Hungarian deep-sea expeditions see Schefbeck (1996) and, for the material collected by the "Pola" expeditions, see Stagl et al. (1996).
Sturany described several molluscan species (Sturany 1896(Sturany , 1899(Sturany , 1900a(Sturany ,b, 1903)).This paper focuses on the 35 gastropod taxa described in two different works provided.It is important to highlight that the 1903 work included a repeat of the descriptions of the species described in 1900.A line just before the description refers to the original description in the Anzeiger.Moreover, in some later works, this paper is cited as being published in 1904, probably because the volume of the Denkschriften had this date on the frontispiece.However, the first page of this work specifies that it was vorgelegt in der Sitzung am 2 April 1903 (presented in the meeting of 2 April, 1903).In the library of the Natural History Museum of Vienna, preprints (Besonders abgedruckt…) with double pagination published in 1903 (date on their frontispiece) are present, and this should be considered the correct year of publication for the new names therein introduced.
Knowledge about name-bearing types is fundamental to sound taxonomic research.Indeed, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999: 72F.4) recommends the publication of lists of types housed in institutions.Our work follows this recommendation; moreover, we tried to provide to the taxonomic community detailed illustrations of type specimens and their diagnostic characters.

A glimpse on Rudolf Sturany's life
Rudolf Sturany (13 April 1867-28 February 1935) was a Viennese zoologist and one of the most important Austrian malacologists.He studied at the Universities of Vienna and Leipzig and obtained his PhD in 1891 in Vienna (Adensamer 1935a, b, c;Stagl 2012).He began to work as a volunteer at the Natural History Museum of Vienna in September 1889.One year later he started his official career at the NHMW as assistant, became adjunct curator in 1901 and 6 years later curator, being responsible for the collections of molluscs, bryozoans, brachiopods and tunicates.Excursions for scientific research took him to Bosnia, Herzegovina, Dalmatia, Montenegro, Albania and Crete, where he found and described several species new to science, especially land and freshwater snails.His good contacts with zoologists and malacologists of his time enabled Sturany to work on important scientific material (the "Taurus" expedition to the Sea of Marmara, Obrutschew's expedition to the region of Pamir, the "Pola" expeditions).He obtained important collections (Obrutschew, Tschapek, Gerstenbrandt, parts of Möllendorff's, Monterosato's and Velitschowsky's collections), which led to an enormous growth and enrichment of the Museum mollusc collection.During World War I, an eye disease occurred and steadily deteriorated, forcing Sturany to retire in 1922, after 33 years dedicated to his malacological work at the NHMW.

Malacological collections at the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien
Besides the important type-material of Sturany, there are other valuable types of historical importance at the mollusc collection of the NHMW.Ignaz von Born established its oldest part with his work on the imperial collection, which was published in the 1778 "Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis -Pars I. Testacea" and in the superb 1780 volume "Testacea Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis, quae jusso Mariae Theresiae Augustae" (Eschner 2005).Later, parts of the Monterosato Collection were acquired in 1889 and the Draparnaud Collection was purchased probably in 1815 (Vinarski and Eschner 2016).Georg von Frauenfeld, curator of the mollusc collection at the beginning of the 19 th century, collected and described many new species (Eschner 2008).

Materials and methods
This work fulfils the efforts carried out by museum curatorial staff and external researchers to segregate, label and properly store Sturany's type material.Type series of species described by Sturany were retrieved from the main collection.Only for one species, Stylifer thielei, no type material is available, because the only collected specimen was broken by J. Thiele of the Museum of Berlin to study the soft parts (Sturany 1903).We identified the syntypes best matching the original description but refrained from any lectotype designation following recommendation 74G of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
For each species, we provide references to the original description and figure, and indicate the original localities, a list of the type and additional (i.e., collected during the "Pola" expedition but not explicitly mentioned in Sturany's original descriptions) material, the original description and its translation into English.All inventory numbers provided refer to the Mollusca collection of NHMW.Earlier attempts to update the taxonomy of Sturany's species have been undertaken by Dekker and Orlin (2000) and Janssen in Janssen and Taviani (2015).Specialist taxonomists helped us with notes on the validity of the species and other comments (D.Geiger for Fissurellidae, D. Herbert for Chilodontidae and Trochidae, A. Warén for Eulimidae, A. Kohn for Conidae s.s., A. Bonfitto for Turridae and allied families).The systematic arrangement follows Bouchet and Rocroi (2005) for most families and Bouchet et al. (2011) for Conoidea.
Photos were mostly shot with a Nikon SMZ25 microscope; large shells were photographed with a Canon 350D camera, a 50 mm lens and extension tubes.SEM images were taken with a JEOL JSM-6610LV, using low vacuum without coating.Specimen measurements have been added if substantially dissimilar from those reported in the original description or missing.
The material studied by Sturany comes from off-shore "stations" (Table 1) and coastal "localities" (Table 2); we stuck to this terminology.In the two tables, we report the collecting sites with their original orthography in German and a modern name among square brackets.The coordinates are those provided by Sturany.Type localities were established based on the information provided by Sturany.In case the type series came from several stations or localities, we stated as type locality the smaller geographical area that encompasses all collecting sites.A taxon list in alphabetical order with the page number of this paper is provided in Table 3.    "Harmil-Insel" [Harmil Island, Dahlak Archipelago, Eritrea] 18° -16°N " Kadhu-Insel" [Kad-Hu, Dahlak Archipelago, Eritrea] 18° -16°N "Massawa (Massaua)" [Massawa, Eritrea] 16° -11°N " Dahalak-Insel, resp. Nakhra Khor Island" [Nakhra Khor, Dahlak Archipelago, Eritrea] 16°

Emarginula harmilensis Sturany, 1903
From 14°N until the end of the Bab al-Mandab Strait "Perim-Insel" [Perim Island, Yemen] From 14°N until the end of the The new species is related to E. bellula A. Adams from the Philippines.

Comments.
[text by D. Geiger] The species is clearly a member of Emarginula given the overall shell outline, the height of the shell as well as the slit with parallel margins.It is not a juvenile Fissurellinae or Diodorinae, because at the size of Sturany's specimen a hole would have formed.Note that some juvenile Diodora have been described as distinct species, such as Puncturella piccirida Palazzi & Villari, 2001 from the Mediterranean.However it lacks the distinctive internal septum of Puncturella.
Sturany's E. harmilensis is characterized by a rather uncommon color pattern of tan spiral bands.Those are also found in E. costulata Deshayes, 1863, described from Reunion Island.Herbert (1987: figs 39-40) illustrated the by him designated lectotype, and a more typical, fully-grown specimen (figs 41-42), and discussed previous misidentifications of the species as E. tenuicostata Adams & Sowerby, 1863.The shared characters include overall shape, placement of the spire, length of the slit, color pattern, and number and strength of the ribs.Many species found along the coast of East Africa are also encountered in the Red Sea.Accordingly, E. harmilensis Sturany, 1903 is a junior synonym of E. costulata Deshayes, 1963.2).
The figured specimen is from Nawibi and has the following dimensions: height of the shell 6.5 mm, width 6 mm, height (length) of the mouth 3.6, width 2.5 mm.Of the six whorls, the first two lack a sculpture.On the third whorl, three spiral ribs are visible; on the fifth whorl, four to five ribs.These spiral ribs are not of equal size and carry numerous white or yellow-brown tubercles.The background colour of the shell is white; patches of yellow-brown or olive green colour can be found without regularity and often distributed in zigzag lines across the last whorls.The base of the shell shows seven concentric series of tubercles of mixed colour between the periphery and the umbilicus.
Form closely related to E. foveolatus A. Adams.

Solariella illustris Sturany, 1900
Figure 3 Sturany, 1900b: 211-212;redescribed and illustrated in Sturany (1903)   Translation.Fairly thick shell, broadly conical, with a wide and deep umbilicus, on top whitish with irregular yellow spots and iridescence.The bottom is milky white with glassy translucent horizontal stripes (these are only visible in fresh specimens and have a strong iridescent lustre), the umbilicus rim is brown.Of the moderately convex six to seven whorls, the apex (1 -1.5 whorls) is smooth, yellow or pink coloured sometimes; on the next whorl, a keel in the middle of the whorl starts and can be followed down to the aperture, but here it is positioned above the centre and it is sometimes accompanied on the penultimate whorl by a keel, which arises very close below it and is finally stronger.On the final whorls, a spiral row of tubercles develops next to the suture, and is less strong close to the mouth, furthermore the last whorl is characterized by several spiral lines on top and numerous concentric spiral grooves on bottom.Everywhere, but especially close to the suture, transversal growth lines are visible.The umbilicus is one third of the shell width and is surrounded by a few dense series of transversal incisions crossed by tubercled ribs, which continue deep inside it.Mouth elongated above, inside nacreous: the operculum is membranaceus, with concentric grooves.
The new species was collected as empty shells at station 48 (700 m), while empty shells were collected at station 143 (212 m).
Comments.Solariella illustris is closely related to Ethminolia nektonica (Okutani, 1961) (Herbert 1992).Dekker and Orlin (2000: 18) and Janssen in Janssen and Tavia ni (2015: 525) assigned this species to Ilanga.Type material.Ten syntypes: NHMW 37797 (locality 43), the specimen figured by Sturany (1903) Translation.The adult shell consists of three whorls; the first two glassy whorls form an antrorse apex that is not always clearly recognizable, the last whorl is the main part of the shell.The large transversely oval mouth is elongated at the bottom and has a broad, thickened columellar lip.The white background colour of the shell is replaced by several different wide longitudinal or spiral yellow-brown to orange bands.On the basal part of the last whorl and towards the lip these bands frequently merge into dotted areas.

Capulus camaranensis Sturany, 1903
Young shells are plain white and have the shape of C. hungaricus; the aperture is circular, the antrorse apex is very close to the columellar lip; only with shell growth, they get separated by more space.
The species was brought from the locality 43 (Kamaran Island), sitting usually on spines of Goniocidaris canaliculata A. Ag.Some young shells are attached to older specimens of the same species.They adhere by forming a solid, thick, chalky base fitting precisely into the aperture and revealing two adjacent, almost oval dots from muscle imprints.
Comments.The identification of the echinoderm Goniocidaris canaliculata A. Agassiz, 1863 cannot be verified based on the available material (Figure 4 F).Capulus camaranensis was considered a synonym of Malluvium lissum (E. A. Smith, 1894) in the family Hipponicidae by Dekker and Orlin (2000: 21).

Translation. From locality 31.
The new species is based on a single specimen found on Mülleria mauritiana Quoy & Gaimard [Echinodermata, Holothuriidae] (the shell was discovered by Dr. von Marenzeller when identifying this holothurian).It is closely related to E. modicella A. Adams from Japan and the Philippines, but differs in some respects.The shell is strongly bent to the right (therefore concave on left side, convex on top right side [it looks like a mistake because the opposite is true]) and consists of about 11 gradually increasing whorls; the height of the shell is 3.4, the width of 1.2, the height of the aperture about 1 mm.
Comments.Warén (1984) placed this species in Melanella and provided photos of living specimens and of sections of the snail in situ on the host.Translation.From locality 32; a single specimen.

Eulima orthophyes Sturany, 1903
The smooth, very shiny, white-coloured shell is almost straight; the apex is minimally inclined to the right.There are 11 whorls, which are separated by a filiform suture; the size of the shell is 7.4 mm high and 2.6 mm wide, the mouth is about 2.5 mm high.
The form of the new species resembles Stylifer acicula Gould, the shell shape is similar to E. solidula Adams and Reeve from the Sandwich Islands (Berlin Museum).Translation.From the locality 31; a single specimen.

Stylifer thielei Sturany, 1903
The remarkably shaped shell is characterized by the curly lip, it consists of five whorls and has a teat-shaped apex.It lacks any sculpture, is dull in lustre and white in colour.Height of shell 5.5, width 3.5 mm.Prof. Dr. Johannes Thiele in Berlin was so kind to examine the soft parts of the snail and to prepare the drawings before crushing the shell.According to the lack of a radula the animal belongs to the genus Stylifer Broderip.
Comments.Sturany found a single specimen and sent it to Johannes Thiele in Berlin for the study of the soft parts (Sturany 1903).The shell was reported to have been crushed to extract the animal, indeed no shells were found in the Vienna and the Berlin museums (C.Zorn, pers.comm.).Warén (1981) placed it in the genus Stylapex and provided further figures of the shell and of living individuals.In any case, Stilifer is the correct spelling of the genus, Stylifer being an incorrect subsequent spelling by Broderip (1832).

Family Triphoridae Gray, 1847
Triforis (?Viriola) senafirensis Sturany, 1903 Translation.From location 13; a single specimen.The 5 mm high and 1.5 mm wide shell is finely built and makes the suture, which is similar to the space between spiral cords, hard to see.About five finely sculpted whorls form the cap-shaped inflated protoconch, then followed by the nine to ten teleoconch whorls.On the protoconch numerous axial ribs cross two spiral keels; on the teleoconch whorls, initially two, then three spiral milky-white flat cords run, microscopically fine horizontal lines can be seen between them.The main colour of the shell is dark reddish brown.The aperture is typical of the genus and carries on top of the outer lip of a small notch.The shape is similar to T. hilaris Hinds known from Cebu (Berlin Museum!) and the Pacific Ocean (Tryon-Pilsbry).
Comments.The holotype had originally a complete protoconch because Sturany described it as being formed by five whorls.Now the apex is clearly broken and only two whorls are left.Nonetheless, it can be seen that the apex is multispiral.

Columbella (Mitrella) erythraeensis Sturany, 1900
Figure 9 Sturany, 1900b: 208-209;redescribed and illustrated in Sturany (1903)   Translation.Shell fusiform, shiny, white, with traces of a yellow net pattern; of the eight whorls, the first two are milky white, smooth, teat-shaped, the following one and half has separated, pronounced and coarse axial ribs, the others almost smooth with the exception of the threadlike suture, the fine microscopic spiral sculpture, and Comments.The species has a fine spiral sculpture which is poorly visible in our figure.Translation.Shell fusiform to ovoid, glossy, with traces of orange-yellow flammules on a yellowish-white ground; of the eight and half whorls, the first three and half are milky white and smooth, the others slightly curved and with dense spiral striae that grow into coarse spiral ridges at the base.
Type material.Figured syntypes: NHMW 84162 (locality 145), illustrated by Sturany (1903) in plate I, figure 1a, height 137.6 mm.NHMW 84147 (station 20): 1 specimen, illustrated by Sturany (1903) in plate I, figure 3a.Translation.Fusiform and elongated shell, rather slender, more or less robust, with long, slightly twisted canal; of the 11 more or less convex whorls, the first 1 1/2 are separated into a smooth, inflated protoconch after which some delicate axial ribs follow, which soon grow into coarser varices and either continue down to the last whorl (f.typica) or are present only on three to four whorls (f.paucicostata).Additionally, a clear, fine spiral sculpture takes form: stronger and weaker spiral rings alternate on a fairly regular basis and are undulated when they cross the ribs.Columella with a callus, weakly or not at all wrinkled.Aperture with fine teeth, oval, slightly pointed in the upper part.Colour yellowish white, with some brown spiral lines in fresh specimens.
Up to 160 mm long and 38 mm wide; aperture with canal up to 92 mm long and 19 mm wide.
This new species cannot be merged either with F. multicarinatus Lamarck or with F. turricula Kiener (= forceps Perry), but it can be distinguished from the latter species because of a shallower suture, finer spiral threads and narrower ribbing of the lip.It inhabits the continental zone of the Red Sea and was dredged at depths of 490-900 m.The form paucicostata is a characteristic deviation, usually shown in young shells by the relatively large bubbled protoconch and the early disappearance of the axial ribs, so that the following whorls appear flatter, the spiral threads straighter and the whole shell is significantly lighter.
Comments.Sturany described two forms or varieties of this species, which differ only slightly in the more or less extended development of axial ribs in respect to their strength and number.Both forms intergrade and are considered phenotypical variations of the same taxon (see also Snyder 2002).Sturany, 1900a: 197-198;redescribed and illustrated in Sturany (1903), pages 220-221, plate I, figures 2 and 4.
Type material.Figured syntypes: NHMW 84146 (station 9): 1 specimen, illustrated by Sturany (1903)     Translation.From stations 48,51,54,107,114,121,127,. Distinguished from N. munda by the much sparser, but more sharply pronounced axial ribs between which the spiral stripes are clearly visible.Except for the smooth initial whorls, the others bear a tubercled cord on their upper part next to the suture.
Shell height about 7.5, width about 3.5 mm; mouth about 3.5 mm high and 2 mm wide.
Like N. munda, it is found in the continental zone, at depths of 439-748 m.
Comments.For discussion of relationships and nomenclature see under Nassa munda.

Nassa munda Sturany, 1900
Figure 13 Sturany, 1900a: 200;redescribed and illustrated in Sturany (1903) Translation.Shell small and thick, conical-oval; of the eight whorls, the first are rounded and smooth, the other scalariform with numerous axial ribs (about 26 on the last whorl) which are crossed and notched by spiral threads.
The uppermost part of each whorl bears a strongly sculptured spiral cord with a series of tubercles.On the outer edge of the mouth, there are usually six to eight teeth, some of which may be particularly prominent.Traces of colour bands can rarely be observed.Height of the shell 7.5 to 9.75, width 4.25 to 5 mm; height of the mouth 3.5 to 4.5, width 2 to 2.75 mm.
Comments.Cernohorsky (1984: 156) listed munda as nomen dubium and possible synonym of Nassarius (Zeuxis) idyllius (Melvill & Standen, 1901).Nassa lathraia as well as N. sporadica, N. stiphra and N. munda are published at the same date and are regarded synonymous.Examination of the type material as well as of rich material from various expeditions to the deep Red Sea (RJ) shows that the various names only denote sculptural variants which can be observed to occur together in part at the same stations and which cannot be told apart as different taxa.Whereas Janssen in Janssen and Taviani (2015) used lathraia as valid name, Dekker and Orlin (2000: 28) should be regarded as first revisers who selected Nassarius mundus (Sturany, 1900) as valid name for the taxon explicitly denoting the other names as synonyms.Cernohorsky (1984: 103) regarded lathraia as a possible synonym of Nassarius (Niotha) sinusigerus (A.Adams, 1852).Whether this is correct needs further study and comparison of many other conchologically similar species.If it proves correct, sinusigerus would become the valid name for this assemblage of forms denoted by Sturany with four names.Translation.The spire of this species is related to the one of N. munda and consists of 8.5 whorls and is sca- Shell height 11.5, width 6.25 mm; mouth 6 mm high and 3.5 mm wide.One specimen from station 54 (535 m).

Nassa steindachneri Sturany, 1900
Figure 15 Sturany, 1900a: 199;redescribed and illustrated in Sturany (1903)   Translation.Shell in shape and number of whorls analogue the previous species, but well differentiated by the cancellated sculpture descending to the mouth.Only the protoconch is smooth, the remaining whorls are regularly gridded by coarser, slightly curved varices and delicate spiral lines; the uppermost part of the last four whorls is also separated from the other parts by an incised spiral channel running parallel to the suture as a thick series of tubercles.Of the colour bands observed in the related species, only traces are here visible.
Shell height 29, width 13 mm; mouth 13 mm high and 7 mm wide.Found in stations 124, 135, 170 and 179; at depths up to 690 m.
Comments.When a lectotype shall be selected, a specimen should be taken which is better preserved than the specimen figured by Sturany, which has a partly eroded protoconch and early teleoconch whorls.For discussion of relationships see under thaumasia.

Nassa stiphra Sturany, 1900
Figure 16 Sturany, 1900a: 200-201;redescribed and illustrated in Sturany (1903) Translation.Shell compact, cone-shaped, composed of seven rounded whorls separated by a deep suture; the protoconch is weakly keeled and smooth, the teleoconch is equipped with significant axial ribs (22 on the final whorl) as in N. munda.Also delicate spiral threads occur, but are distinct only under the suture and around the umbilicus.The outer lip carries internally six to seven teeth, of which the median and the lowest are the strongest.On the last whorl, there are two yellow bands on white ground.Shell height 7.2, width 4.2 mm; mouth 3.5 mm high and about 2 mm wide.One specimen from station 143 (212 m).

Nassa thaumasia Sturany, 1900
Figure 17A-E Sturany, 1900a: 198-199;redescribed and illustrated in Sturany (1903) Translation.Shell thick, conical, made of 10.5 slowly growing, weakly scalariform whorls; smooth protoconch, the following whorls have broad axial ribs and four to five spiral threads, the final whorls (two and half or more) smooth except for a groove parallel to the suture and a series of spiral lines in the umbilical region close to the aperture; on the yellowish-white background there are irregularly and sparsely distributed yellow-brown flecks and on the last whorl there are two wide, yellow-brown spiral bands more or less pronounced; shortly before the outer lip there is a thick varix; there is a large number of folds on the callus of the columella and the inner lip; the lower part of the lip is slightly jagged.
Comments.Nassa steindachneri, thaumasia, thaumasia var.nana and xesta are regarded as synonymous.N. thaumasia var.nana and steindachneri occur together at station 94 and both lots show the same variability of sculpture from regularly reticulated to nearly smooth last whorls.Janssen in Janssen and Taviani (2015: 526) used steindachneri as valid name because this is the most common variant, but Dekker and Orlin (2000: 28) synonymised already these taxa and as first revisers selected Nassarius thaumasius (Sturany, 1900) as valid name.Nassa thaumasia was considered by Cernohorsky (1984: 130) as synonym of Nassarius (Zeuxis) castus (Gould, 1850).However, this is most probably wrong, because according to own observations (RJ) thaumasia has a much finer sculpture consisting of dense reticulation, especially on the early whorls, more numerous and finer spiral ribs on the fasciole, only weakly canaliculated sutures and a much lesser developed sutural nodules.Cernohorsky figured the alleged "holotype" of thaumasia on his pl. 25 fig.10.
According to Cernohorsky (1984: 135), Nassa steindachneri is a synonym of Nassarius (Zeuxis) siquijorensis (A. Adams, 1852).If this proves to be correct, siquijorensis would become the valid name for the assemblage of nominal taxa described by Sturany, but this needs further study.

Nassa thaumasia f. nana Sturany, 1900
Figure 17H-J Sturany, 1900a: 199;redescribed and illustrated in Sturany (1903)    Translation.Shell conical, thick, shiny; of the 9.5 whorls, only the fourth and the fifth have axial ribs, the others are smooth except at the base of the final whorl, where five to six concentric spiral grooves can be counted ending at the lip as notches.Only traces of colour bands are present, next to the suture yellow-brown flecks are visible, which contrast with the milky white ground colour.Before the aperture there is a thickened spiral rib, the lip and the callus have numerous folds.
Height of the shell 20, width 10 mm; aperture 9.5 mm high and 5.5 mm wide.From station 143 (212 m) a single specimen was found.
This and the preceding Nassa species belong to a series and are related to N. gaudiosa Hinds.
Comments.Cernohorsky (1984: 146) listed xesta as possible synonym of Nassarius (Zeuxis) comptus (A.Adams, 1852).However, closer examination of the types demonstrates that xesta is only an extreme form of thaumasia to which it agrees completely with regard to colour pattern and sculpture of the early teleoconch whorls.For further comments see under thaumasia.
The following description is based on a figured specimen from station 48 [Figure 19 A-G], which has almost eight whorls, 8.2 mm high and 2.5 mm wide, while the height of the mouth is 4.2 and the width 1.5 mm.The shell is fusiform and at the base slightly curved.The sculpture starts on the fourth whorl, shortly after the end of the third, with three spiral rows of tubercles.At the beginning of the penultimate whorl a splitting of the two lower rows of tubercles in two delicate spiral cords begins, so that on the penultimate whorl one expanded upper row of tubercles and four more delicate, lower spiral rows can be counted.On the final whorl under the mentioned rows of tubercles, nine further rows of tubercles run at uniform distances and end at the outer lip, additionally some more spiral rows run on the lowest part of the shell.In the interstices of the spiral rows, there are regular axial riblets so that a cancellated sculpture is generated.The shell is not uniformly brown, in the mouth and on the quite deep suture a white colouration can be seen.On the columella, which has a white callus, there are three strong transverse folds, and below them a weak one; some of the spiral rows of the last whorl continue above them under the columellar callus.
The second less well-preserved specimen from Station 48 (700 m) [Figure 19 I-K] allows nevertheless some additions to the diagnosis above.It measures 7.5 mm [height] 2.5 mm [width] and reveals a weak lustre of the protoconch, and a small number of columellar folds (only three main folds, not continuing under the columella callus).
Mitra mirifica Reeve is probably one of the closest relatives.Original localities.Localities 10 and 21 (Northern Red Sea; Table 2).

Mitra tenuis f. minor Sturany, 1903
Type material.Figured syntype: NHMW 37613 (locality 21), illustrated by Sturany (1903)    The figured shell from El Quseir [locality 21] is 11.5 mm high and 3.5 mm wide, has an aperture 6 mm high and consists of 10 whorls.The protoconch is smooth, teat-shaped, light yellow, the following whorls show a filiform, brightly coloured thickening on the suture and some spiral lines.On the last whorl, there is a median light coloured band, which may show up from the surrounding colour like the mentioned bright suture (like in a slightly smaller specimen from Nawibi [locality 10]).The columella has one stronger and some weaker folds.
M. tenuis was not yet known from the Red Sea.The Berlin Museum has specimens from Mauritius and from the same locality the closely related M. flexilabris Sowerby.Translation.Shell fusiform, with nearly eight whorls, light brown with fine traces of about 6 -7 brown spiral bands, which are visible only on the lip varix; the protoconch is smooth, shiny and rounded, the other 9-10 whorls have strong, oblique and angulate axial ribs, so that the whole whorls appear angulated.On the last whorl, further indistinct axial threads are present among the last eight axial ribs and, before the aperture, there is a large axial thickening running from the suture to the base.Spiral sculpture can be recognized only at the base of the last whorl (oblique threads run on the siphonal canal).Aperture elongated, with slightly recurved canal, and a sharp, white inside, aperture border.Height of the shell 12.0 mm, width 4.3 mm; mouth 6.0 mm high and 2.2 mm wide.

Comments. The description of
One specimen from station 143 (212 m).P. pudica Hinds and P. studeriana Martens are known as related forms.
Comments.It is considered to belong to genus Drillia Gray, 1838 by Tucker (2004), but it does not seem to fit well into this genus.It may belong to Leiocithara Hedley, 1922.Translation.Shell truncated and fusiform, pale yellow, made by 9.5 whorls, concave in their upper half and con-vex in the lower half, with the exception of the protoconch; with numerous spiral threads and approximately 15 -16 undulated axial ribs among which microscopically fine growth lines stand.Immediately prior to the (unfortunately poorly preserved) aperture, there is a thick nodulose axial rib bent to the right.
Comments.This species can be assigned to the genus Drillia Gray, 1838 Pleurotoma (Clavus) siebenrocki Sturany, 1900 Figure 23 Sturany, 1900b: 210-211;redescribed and illustrated in Sturany (1903) Translation.Shell turriculate, striated, light golden brown, composed of 12 whorls, which have 7-8 nodular ribs except on the protoconch.In the deeply constricted upper part of the whorls, there are fine spiral lines, whereas in the lower part coarser, sometimes irregularly flexed or undulated threads; the numerous, fine growth lines are usually visible in the concave part only.Mouth with deep, tongue-shaped posterior siphonal canal and a very short, recurved anterior canal at the base.
Height of the shell 36.7 mm, width 14.0 mm; mouth 16.0 mm high and 5.5 mm wide.
One specimen from station 76 (900 m).Distinguished from the closely related species P. (Clavus) dunkeri Weinkauff by the more elongated shape and the less "strombus-like" aperture.
Translation.Shell pure white, truncate fusiform, composed by nine whorls.Protoconch smooth, the other whorls with a reticulated and tubercled sculpture; a median, prominent, wide, tubercled spiral thread; closer to the suture, there are weaker tubercled threads and one or two fine spiral lines above and below the median prominent spiral thread (on the last whorl there are naturally more); the spiral sculpture is crossed by numerous curved axial ribs.Lip sharp, with tongue-shaped posterior siphonal canal next to the suture and a semi-circular anterior canal at the base.
Height of shells is 7.1 mm and 8.4 mm, width 2.7 mm and 3.1 mm; mouth height 2.6 mm and 3.0 mm, mouth width 1.2 mm and 1.4 mm.From each of stations 48 (700 m) and 143 (212 m) one specimen.
The new species is a kind of miniature version of P. radula Hinds.
Comments.This species was assigned to the genus Paradrillia Makiyama, 1940 by Orlin and Dekker (2000: 32) and Janssen in Janssen and Taviani (2015: 526); it looks like Paradrillia melvilli Powell, 1969, which could be a junior synonym.can be noticed especially on the outer lip and on the protoconch.The protoconch consists of a teat-shaped, smooth, apex (about one whorl) and two double-keeled whorls (one rope-like cord in the middle, a second hardly visible at the suture).The following whorls have a moderate number of spiral threads, of which regularly the median is the strongest and the most prominent (hence the almost rectangular profile of each whorl!) and also show axial and spiral cords which are not too far away one from each other and among which it is possible to recognize microscopically fine threads.On these threads, it is remarkable that three or four fine threads run above the strongest median cord and one below it, and on the last whorl from the strongest median cord der Basis etwas zurückgebogenen kurzen Canal; an der Mündungswand ist ein Höckerchen zu sehen.
The fusiform shell consists of eight whorls, it has a white colour, small traces of yellow-brown colour to the base of the shell there are 12 weaker spiral rings.The intersections of the ribs and threads show sharp tubercles.The aperture has an elongated, undulated lip, a deep, semi-circular posterior sinus on the top right and at the base a slightly recurved short canal; a small tubercle can be seen on the inner lip.
The height of the shell is 5.5 mm, the width 2.5 mm, the aperture is about 3 mm high and very narrow.
The elongated, slender shell consists of a double cone.The spire is high and fairly scalariform; from the smooth and shiny protoconch that differs quite clearly from the other parts of the spire, the upper part of the apex is missing (one whorl or more).Around the third whorl the sculpture begins, consisting of a sub-median, broad spiral cord above the suture and two or three spiral threads in the concave area above.On the last whorl, ending below in a long, narrow cone, that strong spiral cord occupies the topmost part of the cone at about 1 mm distance from the suture.The body whorl has concentric spiral grooves; these grooves are tightly arranged and deeply incised at the base of whorl, so that they seem spiral ribs, while in the middle section of the last whorl the spiral incisions are faint and shallow.The basal grooves are equipped with numerous fine spiral threads, which are also present on the spire.The colour of the shell is light yellow, on the spiral ridge dark yellow or yellow-brown flecks alternate with white colour at fairly regular distances, often expanding upwards; also in the middle of the last whorl there are a few rows of larger spots.The lip of the very narrow, inside white, mouth is sharp and forms a strong elongated curve which, seen from above, carries a concave incision at the top.
The milk white protoconch is smooth, slightly glossy, bubble-shaped.On the following whorls a cord-shaped keel can be noticed, which is initially in the middle and bears some tubercules, but then loses these, and moves towards the suture.The shape of the spire appears therefore scalariform.Between the main cord (keels) and the upper suture three to four weaker longitudinal or spiral threads run.On the last whorl, that main cord forms the keel; the part between the keel and the suture is slightly concave, and it corresponds to a notch-like cavity on the upper part of the lip; the rest of this massive part carries a greater number of rib-shaped spiral cords (they are equally spaced, or they are clustered in pairs, or they are alternately strong and weak; very rarely they are absent on the upper part of the last whorl, roughly from the keel down to the middle, here fine spiral threads can be found).The pattern consists of dark yellow patches on light yellow or white ground, these patches are mainly on the main band, but also lay across the whorls and grow on the last whorl to become numerous, irregularly clustered spiral rows of spots, sometimes merging again.On fresh specimens, a membranous periostracum can be found with transverse lamellae crossing the whorls and overlaying on the transverse threads on the underlying calcareous shell.
The aperture is narrow, white inside, with a sharp lip.
It is remarkable that specimens from greater depths are slimmer with a higher spire.
Conus planiliratus was described by Sowerby in 1870 without specifying a precise locality (Proc.Soc.Zool.p. 255, t.XXII, figure 1); judging from the figure, his speci-men had the dimensions 41.5 : 20 : 34.5 [mm].In his description of the "lnvestigator" mollusks, E.A. Smith gives for this species the location "off Calicut, West Coast of South India, in 45 fathoms" and noted that the largest specimen had a size of 58 : 27 mm (Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist.(6) XIV, p. 159 [1894], pl.III, figure 2).The described specimens of the "Pola" expedition share with Conus sulcatus the ribbing of the last whorl, while they can be well distinguished by the straight direction of the keel.
Finally, the closely related form Conus (Leptoconus) dictator Melvill can be mentioned (Manch.Mem.XLII, 1898, p. 9 of September, plate 1, figure 10), which was found in the Persian Gulf at a depth of 10 fathoms along Sheikh Shuaib Island with the size of 47 : 20 mm.
Comments.The syntype illustrated in Figure 27E-G has a distinctly heavier and ticker shell than the one illustrated in Figure 27A-C.Recent authors do not recognize the validity of this taxon (Röckel et al. 1995;Tucker and Tenorio 2013), but disagree on to which taxon this Conus should be synonymized to: Röckel et al. 1995   The milk-white, translucent shell is fusiform and consists of eight whorls; the aperture is incomplete.The protoconch consists of barely two whorls, which seem smooth, but seen under high magnification show a fine cancellated sculpture.The following four-five whorls show three strong spiral ridges with the median one most prominent, and in each interstice a weak spiral thread.The spiral sculpture is crossed by particularly narrow, slightly curved axial cords which cause a cancellated sculpture of the shell.On the last whorl, between the mentioned spiral cords two more finer spiral threads are visible below the suture; on the last whorl many spiral threads continue between the [inner] lip and the base of the shell; here, an alternation of stronger and finer spiral threads is indistinct.
The columellar area is smooth, the base of the columella is twisted and slightly recurved.
The height of the shell is 9.7 mm, the width 3.6 mm.The systematic position of the described form is problematic because of the poor condition of the aperture.The new species, present only in two specimens, has great similarity and relationship with C. rubroguttata H. Adams (according to Tryon a synonym of tincta Reeve).The shell consists of eight whorls, of which the first three form a brown apex; the apex is followed by a white coloured whorl, then the dark or reddish-brown colouring on part of the shell follows.Here there are tubercles,     (Journ. de Conch. XLIV, 1896, p. 78, t. 3, figure 19).Die The only specimen available from this new species has a great similarity with Glyphostoma melanoxytum Hervier from Lifou (Journ.de Conch.XLIV, 1896, p. 78, t. 3, Fig. 19).The colour, the protoconch and the size of Her vier's species are identical to the newly described species, as I was able to study type specimens in the Museum in Berlin, but the deep incision of the whorls and therefore the deep suture of G. melanoxytum is a significant distinguishing feature.The protoconch, consisting of four whorls, is put like a yellow to brown cap on the spire.The first two lighter coloured whorls are only apparently smooth: viewed under the microscope, they show a fine dotting; then brown coloured whorls follow with obliquely crossed lines forming a cancellated sculpture.The following four main whorls are scalariform with spiral ridges and varices, white in colour and decorated with irregularly brown transverse and spiral lines.The entire shell is 4.6 mm high and 2 mm wide.Von der langgestreckten Schale sind 11 langsam anwachsende Umgänge erhalten, das Spitzchen fehlt.Unregelmäßig angeordnete Flecken von brauner bis violetter Farbe, welche wohl aus aufgelösten Spiralbinden hervorgegangen sind, finden sich über das Gehäuse verbreitet, die violette Farbe ist besonders auf dem letzten Umgange ausgeprägt.Das ganze Gehäuse misst 12 mm in der Höhe, 3,7 mm in der Breite, die Mündung ist sehr schmal und 3,5 mm hoch; die Spindel ist mit einer größeren Falte und 2 ganz kleinen unter dieser gelegenen Falten besetzt.
Translation.From location 30: a single shell.
Elongated shell, with 11 slowly growing whorls, the apex is missing.Irregularly arranged flammules of brown to violet in colour are found spread throughout the whole shell and probably derive from a dissolved spiral band, the purple colour is particularly prominent on the last whorl.The whole shell measures 12 mm in height, 3.7 mm in width, the mouth is very narrow and 3.5 mm high; the columella has one larger fold and two smaller ones below it.
Translation.Two specimens from the Bitter Lake in the Suez Canal.
The figured shell is 5.5 mm high and 1.5 mm wide and consists of 10 flat whorls.The protoconch is crystal clear and give the shell a globular completion on top; the subsequent whorls have a yellowish green band on white background, such white background is particularly visible as a band close to the suture (the suture seems filiform); further down the shell, two, on the last whorl even three, spiral bands of the mentioned colour appear.The aperture is approximately 1 mm high and has a light fold on the columella.
The second specimen is 6.2 mm and it has 11 whorls and indistinct spiral bands.
The described form is compared best with S. tincta Angus (Australia), which I had the opportunity to see at the Berlin Museum.
Small white shell, the spire is sunk so that only the last whorl is visible, the umbilicus is stitch-shaped and has numerous, spirally arranged rows of dots.The aperture reaches slightly above the spire and has a height of 3.5 mm, the width of the shell is 2.5 mm.
In shape and sculpture this shell vividly resembles on one hand the mediterranean Atys (Roxania) utriculus Brocchi, on the other hand the japanese A. (Roxania) punctulata A. Adams, but may also be related to Cylichna noronyensis Watson.

Table 3 .
List of treated taxa in alphabetical order, with original name, current family placement, and figure in this paper.
Comments.The variety nana was introduced for the deep water specimens; the specimen illustrated in Figure17H-J is 19.8 mm high.For further comments see under thaumasia.Nassa xestaSturany, 1900 plate IV, figure 2.